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PENELOPE: brief overview and benchmark simulations

PENELOPE is a Fortran 77 subroutine package for Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of electrons, positrons, and gamma rays, with energy range from 100 eV to 1 GeV. It supports arbitrary material systems and employs a detailed simulation of γ interactions and mixed simulation of e± interactions. The package includes various interactions such as incoherent scattering, bremsstrahlung emission, atomic relaxation, and ionization of inner and outer shells. PENELOPE offers stability, easy implementation, multiple-scattering accuracy, and supports simulation in static electric and magnetic fields.

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PENELOPE: brief overview and benchmark simulations

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  1. PENELOPE: brief overview and benchmark simulations Francesc Salvat José M. Fernández-Varea Josep Sempau Eduardo Acosta

  2. What is PENELOPE? Subroutine package (FORTRAN 77) • Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of e± and  • Energy range from ~ 100 eV to ~ 1 GeV • Arbitrary material systems • Full Class II algorithm: detailed simulation of  interactions mixed simulation of e± interactions

  3. Photon interactions

  4. Incoherent (Compton) scattering

  5. Electron & positron interactions

  6. Bremsstrahlung emission

  7. Inner-shell ionization by electron impact Distorted-wave Born approx. cross sections

  8. Atomic relaxation Ionization of outer shells (M, N, …): secondary e – no fluorescent radiation Ionization of inner shells (K, L1, L2, L3): secondary e – fluorescent radiation (x-ray or Auger e – )

  9. Mixed simulation algorithm Hard collisions:  > c , W >Wc; soft events:  < c , W <Wc Recipe: Then, in a step of length we have (on average) and

  10. Random-hinge method • Multiple-scattering moments are accurately reproduced • Easy to implement for the MW DCS • Interface crossing poses no difficulty • The energy dependence of Ss and s2 is easily implemented • Variation of the hard mfp with energy is accounted for by fictitious “ interactions” (defining smax) • Angular deflections in soft inelastic events are incorporated

  11. Stability (i)

  12. Stability (ii)

  13. Auxiliary tools • Geometry package PENGEOM • Geometry viewers • Variance-reduction techniques • Simulation in static electric & magnetic fields • Program SHOWER

  14. Benchmark simulations Backscattering coefficients

  15. Energy distributions of backscattered electrons

  16. Transmission coefficients

  17. Positron implantation

  18. Depth-dose functions

  19. Bremsstrahlung photon energy distributions

  20. EPMA x-ray spectra

  21. Summary • Freely available from the NEA Data Bank • http://www.nea.fr • We have written ample documentation • http://www.nea.fr/lists/penelope.html • Over 200 copies of the program have been distributed • PENELOPE is the basis of multiple papers and PhD theses • Some of the models will be implemented in Geant4

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