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Chapter Eleven: Environmental and Social/Cultural Impacts of Tourism

Chapter Eleven: Environmental and Social/Cultural Impacts of Tourism. Learning Objectives. Describe how tourism can aid as well as harm the preservation of nature Describe how tourism can benefit as well as undermine a culture Explain the factors that determine an area’s carrying capacity

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Chapter Eleven: Environmental and Social/Cultural Impacts of Tourism

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  1. Chapter Eleven: Environmental and Social/Cultural Impacts of Tourism Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe how tourism can aid as well as harm the preservation of nature • Describe how tourism can benefit as well as undermine a culture • Explain the factors that determine an area’s carrying capacity • Explain the concepts of ecotourism and mass tourism and their differences • Explain ways to fulfill the five principles of ecotourism • Describe the benefits that may be achieved through use of ecotourism principles Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  3. Introduction • Economic Impacts are not the only important impacts tourism can have • Nature, peoples and cultures also affected Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  4. Tourism and the Environment • Tourism can be used to help preserve the environment • Through education and appreciation • To help finance preservation • Creation of National Parks • Defining carrying capacity • Physical capacity • Environmental capacity • Ecological capacity Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  5. Tourism and the Environment, continued • Determine carrying capacity by considering • Number of visitors • Amount or type of use by average visitor • Quality of resource management and facility development/design • Number of area residents and their quality of life needs • Number of other visitors • Carrying capacity changes when any one or more of above variables change Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  6. Environmental Impacts of Tourism • Tourism development requires a foundation of infrastructure • Also requires development of superstructure • Pollution and other damage can develop with increases in visitors • Efforts are being taken to reduce impacts Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  7. Social and Cultural Impacts of Tourism • Society is a community, nation or broad grouping of people who have common traditions, institutions, activities and interests • Culture is the practices of a society • Host community concept • Resource 1: The local residents who serve and interact with guests • Resource 2: Community's economic system • Resource 3: Community's infrastructure and government services • Resource 4: Natural resource of the community and its outlying area Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  8. Social and Cultural Impacts of Tourism, continued • Social and cultural benefits of tourism • Learn about each other • Sharing of tastes and different ways of thinking • Can generate “critical mass” of interest • Improved standard of living • Preservation of area’s natural and historical sites • Using culture to attract tourists • Material goods • Daily life activities • Special expressions of culture Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  9. Unintended Consequences of Tourism on Culture • Social carrying capacity • Number of people that a society can bear without substantial damage to its culture • Consequences to industrialized, high-income cultures • Overcrowding • Clash of unfamiliar behaviors • Resentment of residents from need to share resources with visitors Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  10. Unintended Consequences of Tourism on Culture, continued • Consequences to less developed, lower income cultures • Demonstration effect • Disproportionate wages from tourism compared to traditional occupations • Problem of Crime • Due to increase in number of potential victims • Due to resentment and envy of visitors • Correlation between number of visitors and amount of crime • Increases in cost of police protection raises fear • Effect on native language • Decline in moral conduct of local people Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  11. Mass Tourism vs. Ecotourism • Explosive growth in tourism • Quicker, cheaper and safer transportation • Increase in number of world’s citizens who can afford to travel • Longer lives and better health • Global communications • Destinations are proposed to go through a set of stages from exploration to decline Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  12. Mass Tourism vs. Ecotourism, continued • Criticism of mass tourism • Architectural pollution • Herding of tourists • Disruption of traditional events and occupations • Diminished natural beauty and environment • Low priority paid to local needs • Economic gains short-lived but damage long-term • Developers abandon area when growth ceases • Ecotourism- need to develop tourism that minimizes environmental impacts and maximizes economic and cultural benefits Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  13. Mass Tourism vs. Ecotourism, continued • Ways to Develop Ecotourism • Tourism should blend with the environment and local culture • Tourist experience should focus on host community’s existing scenic and activity opportunities • Local should own and manage all or most services • A high proportion of local materials should be used in fulfilling tourist’s needs • Ecotechniques should be used to conserve techniques Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

  14. Mass Tourism vs. Ecotourism, continued • Ecotourism 21st Century • Has been used as a marketing term for a number of tour attractions • Covers a range of tourism experiences from “hard to soft” • Sustaining Tourism Benefits • Sustainable tourism: does not threaten the economic, social, cultural, or environmental integrity of the tourist destination • Formal planning processes are being used to guide future development operations Cook: Tourism: The Business of Travel, 3rd edition (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All Rights Reserved

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