The Muslim World

1. The Muslim World

2. Origin of Islam • Islam began in the city of Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula • Mecca was an important city for trade

3. Muhammad • Muhammad was a Meccan merchant • He married a wealthy woman named Khadija • At the age of 40, Muhammad was given a revelation by the Archangel Gabriel • Muhammad taught that Allah was the one and only god and that all other gods should be abandoned

4. The Hijra • Muhammad’s teachings were very controversial in the city of Mecca because it rivaled the traditional gods of Mecca that brought in money from pilgrims • He and several of his followers fled north to Medina (Yathrib) in order to have asylum

5. Five Pillars • Faith – Allah is the one, true god • Prayer – Five times daily, facing Mecca • Alms, All Muslims give money to help out those unfortunate in the community (poor, orphans, injured, etc…) • Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca

6. After Muhammad • Muhammad died in 632. • He named no successor or instructions on how to pick his successor. • Abu Bakr was elected as the first caliph. • Caliph means “successor”. • To save the Islamic Faith, he invoked the jihad.

7. Growth of Islam • Caliph means ‘deputy’ (leader) • First four Caliphs carried out the Religious and Political leadership of Muhammad (Rightly Guided Caliphs) • These Caliphs helped to spread the Islamic faith and rapidly create a powerful Empire

8. Umayyad Rule • 656 – Uthman was murdered. This started a civil war. • Ali – the 4th Rightly Guided Caliph – was the natural choice as a successor to Uthman. • Ali was Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law. • Muawiya, a governor from Syria, challenged Ali’s right to rule. • 661 – Ali was assassinated. • The Umayyads took control. • Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus. • Eventually neglected duties as ruler and focused on a life of luxury.

9. Umayyad Rule • After the Fourth Caliph was assassinated, the Caliph structure crumbled and a powerful Arabian family overtook the positions of leadership within Islam • They were called the Umayyad and they caused a rift in the Islamic faithful

10. Sunni-Shi’a split • Shi’a split from the majority of Muslims because they believe that Ali (fourth caliph) was the proper ruler because he was Muhammad’s descendant and that only his ancestors could rule as Caliph • Sunni, the majority of Muslims, believed that one need only be a devout Muslim to lead

11. Fill in the following chart: BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUNNI & SHI’A MUSLIMS SUNNI SHI'A Believe that the first four caliphs were "rightly guided" Believe Ali, Muhammad's son-in-law, should have succedded Muhammad. Believe that Muslims rulers should follow the Sunna, or Muhammad's example. Believe that all Muslim rulers should be descended from Muhammad. Claim that the Shi'a have distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur'an. Claim that the Sunni have distorted the meaning of various passages in the Qur'an.

12. Abbasid Rule • Moved the capital to Baghdad in 762 • Peak of power • The Abbasids, and Islam, was the center of all of the major trade routes in the world at that time (Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade route, and Trans-Saharan)

13. Muslim Culture • Four basic social classes • Muslims by birth • Converts to Islam • “Protected peoples” Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians • Slaves

14. Muslim Culture • Muslim women enjoyed more economic and property rights than Chinese, European, and Indian women • Women had access to education as well • However, women still were not completely free and still had to live within a society that expected them to submit to men

15. Mosque Umma Ulama Al-Andalus Fatimid Qur’an Sharia Arabic Calligraphy Mecca Yathrib Damascus Baghdad Umayyad Caliph Abbasid Sunni Shia Vital Vocabulary