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The Muslim World

Chapter 10. The Muslim World. Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes Desert and Town Life Clans provided security and support in desert Farming communities in the fertile lands Crossroads of Trade and Ideas Mecca Ka’aba – site of an ancient shrie Allah – Arabic word for God.

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The Muslim World

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  1. Chapter 10 The Muslim World

  2. Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes • Desert and Town Life • Clans provided security and support in desert • Farming communities in the fertile lands • Crossroads of Trade and Ideas • Mecca • Ka’aba – site of an ancient shrie • Allah – Arabic word for God The Rise of Islam

  3. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam • Revelations • Gabriel called to him during meditation in a cave outside of Mecca • Muhammad became convinced that he was the last of the prophets • Islam – “submission to the will of Allah” • Muslim – “one who is submitted” • 613 – began publically preaching in Mecca The Rise of Islam

  4. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam • The Hijrah • Migration from Mecca to Yathrib(renamed Medina) • Muhammad became the leader politically, socially, and religiously • Returning to Mecca • Muhammad led 10,000 of his believers back to Mecca in 630 The Rise of Islam

  5. Beliefs and Practices of Islam • The Five Pillars • Faith – statement of faith • Prayer – mosque – an Islamic house of worship • Alms – support for the less fortunate • Fasting - Ramadan • Pilgrimage – Hajj to Mecca • A Way of Life • Sources of Authority • Qur’an – the holy book of the Muslims The Rise of Islam

  6. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam • Caliph – successor or deputy • “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs • Jihad – striving and can refer to the inner struggle against evil • Also armed struggle against unbelievers • Reasons for Success • Well disciplined and expertly commanded • Fighting weak empires in Arabia • Persecutions suffered by people under Byzantine or Sassanid rule • Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Tolerance of other religions especially Christianity and Judaism Islam Expands

  7. Internal conflict Creates a Crisis • Umayyads – family who came to power after the murder of Ali in 661 • Sunni-Shi’a Split • Shi’a – party of Ali – caliph needed to be a descendant of Muhammad • Sunni – followers of Muhammad’s example • Sufi – rejected the luxurious life and pursued a life of poverty Islam Expands

  8. Islam Expands

  9. Control Extends Over Three Continents • Al-Andalus – settlement in southern Spain • Abbasids Consolidate Power • Capital moved to Baghdad • Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Fatimid – formed by Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter Fatima • Muslim Trade Network • Sakk – notes of exchange for any bank in the Empire Islam Expands

  10. Muslim Society • The rise of Muslim Cities • Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, and Cordoba • Four Social Classes • Muslims at Birth • Converts • Protected Peoples – Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians • Slaves – POWs and non-Muslims • Role of Women • Expected to submit to men • Had more property and economic rights than most women in the world • Expected to be veiled in public Muslim culture

  11. Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge • Emphasis on scholarship and learning • House of Wisdom – a combination library, academy, and translation center Muslim culture

  12. Art and Sciences Flourish • Muslim literature • Poetry – bravery, love, generosity, and hospitality • Fairy tales, parables, and legends • Muslim Art and Architecture • Calligraphy – art of beautiful hand writing • Huge domes and vaulted ceilings • Medical Advances • Al-Razi – greatest physician • Math and Science Stretch Horizons • Philosophy and Religion Blend Views • The “Ideal Man” Muslim culture

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