1 / 120

Airborne Contaminants Lab

Airborne Contaminants Lab. Topics. Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors Monitoring Real time Noise. Format. Lecture with break Break Hands-on. Practical Application. The terms “Environmental Engineering” “Environmental work

faith-bradford
Télécharger la présentation

Airborne Contaminants Lab

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Airborne Contaminants Lab

  2. Topics • Overview of workplace health and its regulation • Particulates and microscopy • Gases and vapors • Monitoring • Real time • Noise

  3. Format • Lecture with break • Break • Hands-on

  4. Practical Application • The terms • “Environmental Engineering” • “Environmental work • Often extend to analyzing the workplace environment for contaminants • hence offering opinions on human health • firms often practice in this area.

  5. Alphabet Soup • EPA • OSHA • NIOSH • AIHA • ACGIH

  6. Alphabet Soup • OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration • NIOSH, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health • AIHA, American Industrial Hygiene Association • ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

  7. OSHA and NIOSH • Created in 1970’s by same act of congress • MSHA was earlier, • OSHA • Law enforcement • Department of Labor • NIOSH • Science • Center for Disease Control in PHS.

  8. AIHA and ACGIH • Industrial hygiene = science of workplace health • AIHA accredits laboratories • ACGIH produces TLV’s • “safe values”

  9. Occupational Standards • OSHA, PELs • (CFR , Code of Federal Regulations, on line) • PELs • ACGIH, TLVs • NIOSH, RELs • DFK, MAKs

  10. TLVs • Of the approximately 450 standards • 15% have human or otherwise well tested • 25% have some animal testing • 60% Based on “analogy,” “supposed,” or “traditional.”

  11. OSHA • OSHA main site OSHA • 1910 Subpart Z • 1910.1000 • History of Tables • ANSI list • lawsuits

  12. Contaminant Particulates • Asbestos • Quartz • Dust

  13. Asbestos is useful • Asbestos used since ancient times • Fireproof • WW II ship building • Insulation • 1950’s Schools • Sound proofing, • Many materials • Strength of fibers, chemical resistant

  14. Asbestos kills • About 10,000 persons die each year from asbestos related disease • 1,000 from mesothelioma • 4,000 from asbestosis • 5,000 from lung cancer • (correlated with cigarette smoking) • 20 to 40 year latency period • Airborne fibers, not parent material

  15. Asbestos is regulated • OSHA regulates workplace exposures • EPA regulates schools • EPA regulates disposal process

  16. Insert SiO4: Asbestos Minerals • Asbestos is a commercial term • Polysilicate minerals

  17. 10 u +/-

  18. lisa m applebee: structure Amphiboles • Amosite (Mg, Fe) • Actinolite (Ca, Mg, Fe) • Anthophyllite (Mg, Fe) • Crocidolite (Na, Fe+++, Fe++) • Tremolite (Ca, Mg)

  19. Serpentine • Chrysotile (Mg)

  20. Respiratory Tract • Anatomy • Physiology • Notes on the asbestos diseases

  21. Asbestosis • Fibrotic lung disease • Lungs fill with scar tissue • restrictive lung disease, stiff • oxygen transport reduced • breathing labored

  22. Gallery • Boston University School of Public Health • Breath Taken: The Landscape & Biography of asbestos • http://www/busph.bu.edu/Gallery

  23. Normal Lung:

  24. Honeycombing

  25. Asbesosis

  26. Asbestos, clubbing of fingers

  27. Hairdresser, combed from hair

  28. Mesothelioma • Cancer of the lining of the abdominal cavity • Or thoracic cavity • Fatal

  29. childhood exposure father worked in plant and died of asbestosis note tumor on right side, fills with fluid

  30. Mesothelioma is a rare cancer • 2 deaths per million populations • But in a study of asbestos insulation workers there were 175 deaths from mesothelioma.

  31. Lung Cancer • 32 of 41 studies indicated statistically significant increase in lung cancer of asbestos workers • Non-smokers were 5-fold higher than non-exposed • Smoking asbestos workers were much higher 50- to 90-fold

  32. Toxicology, Fiber type • Some studies indicate chrysotile can cause mesothelioma • Most indicate amphiboles, especially crocidolite • Some authors have concluded amphiboles are 100 times more potent than chrysotile in inducing mesothelioma.

  33. particle fiber

  34. Clearance and fiber size • Residents of cities breath several hundred grams of particles over a lifetime • Only a few grams at autopsy • Most are cleared from lung • Sorting in the airways by aerodynamic diameter • Thin fibers penetrate much deeper than round particles of similar diameter

  35. Clearance mechanism by location of deposition • Nasal clearance: • in from of ciliated, by sneezing or blowing • further back swept down and swallowed • Tracheobronchial: cleared via cilia • mucociliary escalator • Alveolar • macrophage

  36. Robins pg. 757 Macrophages • Digest particles • Carry towards ciliated airway • Can wind up in lymph nodes and elsewhere • especially is “surface” route is overwhelmed

  37. Macrophage

  38. Macrophage

  39. Clearance • Fibers less than 1 micron cleared half-life of 10 days • Fibers longer than 16 micron, half-life over 100 days • Maximum fiber length of one macrophage about 16-17 microns

  40. Disease vs. fiber length • Animal studies • Dust rich in f < 5  less lung cancer • Dust rich in f > 5  more lung cancer • Asbestosis associated f > 2  • Lung cancer f > 5  • Mesothelioma f > 10 

More Related