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1. JOIN TESOL. TEACH THE WORLD TESOL COMMUNIVERSITY TRAINING PROGRAM

2. TESOL COMMUNIVERSITY TRAINING COURSEBOOK 2Principles and Creative Strategies in TESOL(TEACHING ENGLISH TO SPEAKERS OF OTHER LANGUAGES)2013

3. TESOL COMMUNIVERSITY TRAINING COURSEBOOK 2 Principles and Creative Strategies in TESOL RHODA T. PEREZ, Ph.D.( TESOL) Linda F. Moore, MA.Ed. 2013

4. COURSE : PRINCIPLES AND CREATIVE STRATEGIES IN TESOL DESCRIPTION This course is designed to prepare emerging and practicing teachers of TESOL through application of theories, principles and creative strategies of teaching-learning English. As a requirement, the teacher-participants are expected to conduct a practicum or teaching demonstration as well as an evaluation of their peers’ performance. OBJECTIVES: General :: To discuss the various principles, theories and strategies of TESOL Specific : At the end of the training program, the participants should be able to To explain the meaning, nature and functions of language and its structural component; To compare and contrast first language acquisition and second language learning; To provide optimum linguistics preparation for the prospective TESOL teachers; To conduct and evaluate a teaching demonstration for each language /linguistic component/structural area; To pass a pre-qualifying written and oral test and interview . ( 6 hours)

5. COURSE SCHEDULE

7. I. INTRODUCTION: A. WHAT IS LANGUAGE? • System of signals, a set/ code and sounds • Cognitive-active/linguistic/emotive/affective • elements • Meaning in word/words with meaning • Message from sender to receiver • Vocabulary is its heart. • Involves people, culture, education • Useful vocabulary • Meaning for interaction • Exists in a language community. • The goal of language is communication

8. B. Linguistic Structures 1TO BE MOVED PLS. Coursebook 1 Topic : Lexico-Morpho-Semantic Functions Contents Groupings of Words Nature of Semantic Change Functional Styles Source: Exploring the System of the English Language ISBN 986-7688-42-2 ; Adapted from LudmilaCawdrey

9. Groupings of Words • Words can be grouped together into lexico-semantic fields on the basis of their shared meanings that can be of the following types: • similar • opposite • included • different • Hence, synonymic, antonymic, hyponymic and homonymic lexico-semantic fields or groups of words should be distinguished. • Synonymy deals with sameness of meaning. • Antonymydeals with oppositeness of meaning. • Hyponymyrefers to the words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word. • Homonymydeals with different words that are pronounced and/or spelled in the same way.

10. Groupings of Words: Synonymy Synonymy deals with sameness of meaning. Synonyms are words conveying the same notion but differing either in shades (elements) of meaning or in stylistic characteristics . synonyms may belong to the same part of speech (cf., ridiculous, absurd, inane)or formed by words of different word-classes(cf.,; sleeping, sleep time, to sleep).

11. Groupings of Words: Synonymy(pp. 146 – 148) Examples: • to begin – to start – to – commence (stylistic differences) • to tremble - to shiver (from cold) - to shudder (from disgust) (difference in shades of meanings). Synonyms may differ in the way of building word-combinations: • to answer(a question) – to reply to(a question); • to finish(school) – to graduate from(University); • to offer(a concrete thing) – to suggest (an idea).

12. Groupings of Words: Synonymy . Synonymic Dominant • Each synonymic group has a dominant element called the synonymic dominant - the most general term potentially containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of the group, cf.: to tremble – to shiver – to shudder. The synonymic dominant has the following features: • 1. high frequency of usage; • 2. broad combinability, i.e., an ability of a word to be used in combinations with various classes of words; • 3. broad general meaning; • 4. lack of connotations (to ask – to inquire – to question – to interrogate )

13. Groupings of Words: Synonymy . Types of Synonyms V. Vinogradov (1953) established the following classification of synonyms: • ideographic, • stylistic, • ideographic-stylistic, • contextual, • absolute (total) synonyms.

14. Groupings of Words: Synonymy . Types of Synonyms • Ideographic synonyms are words conveying the same notion but differing in denotations, cf.: a piece – a lump – a slice, to tremble – to shiver – to shudder, anger – fury. • Stylistic synonyms are words conveying the same notion but differing in stylistic connotations, cf.: to try – to endeavor(bookish), to see – to behold(archaic), sky – heaven(poetic), a horse – a steed(poetic).

15. Groupings of Words: Synonymy .Types of Synonyms • Ideographic-stylistic synonyms differin semantics, emotional coloring and stylistic references, cf., to say – to pronounce, a head – an onion, money – cabbage. • Contextual synonyms are similar only under some specific conditions, cf., negative forms:can’t stand it – can’t suffer it – can’t bear it. • Absolute (total) synonyms are words coincidingin their semantics and stylistic characteristics (terms) cf.,a noun – a substantive; an inflection – an ending; an oculist – an eye-specialist.

16. Groupings of Words: Synonymy . Sources of Synonymy • Borrowings from different languages (Latin, French, Italian, etc.):beautiful (Fr) – fair (E); to begin (E) – tocommence (Fr) – to initiate (Lat). • Variants in American and British English: elevator - lift, sidewalk – pavement, sweets – candy, cookie – biscuit, apartment – flat, butty – sandwich, heartsome – cheering, snap – packed lunch; • Different styles, technical terms, slang: cordial – heart, optic – eye, lexeme – word, orthography – spelling, phoneme – sound; • Euphemistic and dysphemistic expressions (see next slide)

17. Groupings of Words: Synonymy . Euphemisms, Dysphemisms • Euphemisms are synonymic words used to avoid direct unpleasant, improper or offensive things. • Dysphemisms are offensive words and expressions that are substituted for inoffensive words. • Sources of euphemisms and dysphemisms are various religious and social taboos, examples: a) Lord; the Maker; Goodness! Good Lord! the Prince of darkness, Old Nick; to depart this life, to be taken, to go to a better world, etc. b) W.C., gentlemen’s room, ladies’ room; to wash one’s hands, etc. c) merry, tipsy, fresh, full, drunk as a Lord, soaked, stewed, boiled, pickled, canned, half-seas-over, intoxicated, etc. d) a liar – an untruthful man, a stupid man - not exactly brilliant; naked – in one’s birthday shirt; sweat - perspiration, etc.

18. Groupings of Words:Antonymy Antonymydeals with oppositeness of meaning. Antonyms (opposites) are words that possess contrasting meanings. Antonymy is very typical of adjectives because qualitative characteristics are easily compared, while verbs and nouns are not rich in antonyms. Like synonyms they are interchangeable in the context, they have the same functions and grammatical meaning and are mostly found within one word-class. Unlike synonyms they do not differ in style, dialect and emotional coloring.

19. Groupings of Words:Antonyms. Morphological Characteristics • Most of the antonyms have unrelated morphological forms: good or bad, big or small, tall or short, etc. • But there also exist words that form morphologically related pairs derived by means of negative or opposable prefixes and suffixes, cf.: pleasant andunpleasant, logical andillogical, rational andirrational, hopefuland hopeless, etc.

20. Groupings of Words:Antonyms. Types of antonyms • Antonyms are generally divided into 4 types: • gradable antonyms, • complementary antonyms, • conversive antonyms, • directional antonyms.

21. Groupings of Words:Antonyms. Types of antonyms (cont) 1. Gradable antonyms are predominantly adjectives that denote qualities subject to classification : high – low, hot – cold, narrow – wide (narrow – narrower – narrowest); Gradable antonyms usually describe properties in comparison to other properties: short – tall (in comparison to other people). 2. Complementary (contradictory) antonyms appear when the denial, negation of one of the members of the pair applies the assessment (are equivalent) of the other one: male – female, dead – alive, aunt – uncle; Complementary antonyms do not allow middle values, any logical middle term: clean – dirty, dry – wet.

22. Groupings of Words:Antonyms. Types of antonyms (cont) 3. Conversive antonyms appear in a set of words when one member of the pair is referred to the other member: to send - to receive, to take – to give, to buy – to sell. Conversives (converses; relational opposites) represent opposite perspectives of the same relations: husband – wife, aunt – niece, nephew, father - son. One of the converses cannot be used without suggesting the other. In most of the cases they express social roles (teacher – student)or kinship relations (father – mother). 4. Directional antonyms, generally adverbs and prepositions, that indicate opposite spatial directions: up – down, in – out. A subtype of directional opposites is called “reversive” opposites – words that describe two phenomena indicated by opposite directions of development: marry – divorce, enter – leave, appear – disappear.

23. Groupings of Words: Antonyms. PracticalGive antonyms to the following words and define their types: Wife, right, wide, shallow, feminine, to send, to give, to laugh, to open, to accept, quickly, old, merry, optimist, stranger, talkative, clever, empty, enemy • (Attention: A polysemantic word may have several antonyms for each of its meanings: dull – interesting, dull - clever, dull – active; light – heavy, light - strong, light – dark)

24. Groupings of Words:Hyponymy Hyponymy refers to the semantic relations of generality andinclusion, cf.: flower: rose, tulip, carnation, forget-me-not. A more specific term is included in the member of a moregeneral meaning: meat: pork, mutton, beef; bird: swallow, sparrow, blue tit, blackbird, sea-gull, stork, etc. A word with a general meaning is called a super-ordinate term orhyperonym (flower, meat, bird). A word with a specific meaning is called a hyponym (rose, tulip, carnation, forget-me-not; pork, mutton, beef; swallow, sparrow, blue tit, blackbird, sea-gull, stork). Words that are in equal relations are called equanemes (pork – mutton – beef). cf., in a word set star – sun – nova, star is a super-ordinate, sunand nova are hyponyms to the super-ordinate and equanemes to each other. (A flower, furniture, a bird, a mammal, an insect, a bug)

25. Groupings of Words:Homonyms Homonymy deals with different words that are pronounced and/or spelled in the same way. Homonyms are words that are identical in their sound form and spelling, but are different in their meanings, cf., bank 1 – “an artificial embankment”, bank2 – “a business establishment authorized to perform financial transactions”, bank3 – “a set of similar things arranged in a row”; band1 – “a thin strip of flexible material”, band2 – “a group of musicians who play together”.

26. Groupings of Words:Homonyms Homonyms are accidental creations and their existence leads to confusion and misunderstanding of communication. Sometimes homonyms are used to create humorous situations that are called “a pun” - a joke based upon the play of words: - “What’s this, waiter?” – “It’s bean soup, sir” – “Never mind what it has been. I want to know what it is now (G.B. Antrushina, 1985). Homonyms have specific morphological and lexico-grammatical features. Morphologically, homonyms may be subdivided into several groups: • homonyms proper, • homophones, and • homographs.

27. Groupings of Words:Homonyms. Morphological features Morphologically: homonyms proper, homophones, and homographs. Homonyms proper are words that are the same in sound and spelling: fit 1 – “perfectly fitting clothes”, fit 2 – “a nervous spasm”. Homophones are identical in a sound form but differ in spelling: night - knight, piece - peace, scent – cent - sent, sea – see – C; bee – B. Homographs are words that are identical in spelling but differ in their sound form: bow [bau]– [bou], lead [li:d] – [led].

28. Groupings of Words:Homonyms. Lexico-grammatical features Some of the homonyms belong to the same part of speech, others - to different word classes, cf.: a match 1– “a game” (noun) and a match 2– “a narrow strip of flammable material” (noun); to tear 1- “to pull apart or into pieces” (verb) and a tear 2 - “a drop of the clear salty liquid” (noun); staunch 1 – “loyal, firm, dependable” (adjective)and staunch 2 – “to stop flowing” (verb). Lexico-grammatically,homonyms may be classified into two classes: • full homonyms and • partial homonyms.

29. Groupings of Words:Homonyms.Full homonyms Lexico-grammatically: full homonyms and partial homonyms. Full homonyms have the same category of parts of speech and identical paradigm: a bay 1 – “a body of water partly enclosed by land” (noun), a bay 2 – “a deep prolonged barking” (noun), a bay 3 – “a laurel with stiff, aromatic leaves” (noun). Partial homonyms split into 2 types: • Partial lexical homonyms and • Partial lexico-grammaticalhomonyms.

30. Groupings of Words:Homonyms. Partial homonyms Partial homonyms : partial lexical and partial lexico-grammaticalhomonyms. Partial lexical homonyms are words that belong to the same word class but are identical only in their corresponding forms: to lie (lay, lain) – to lie (lied, lied) (V) to can (canned, canned) – can (could) (V) to hang (hung, hung) – to hang (hanged, hanged) (V) Partial lexico-grammatical homonyms may be simple and complex.

31. Groupings of Words:Homonyms. Partial homonyms Partial lexico-grammatical homonyms: simple and complex. Simplelexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words that belong to the same word class and have one identical form in their paradigms, but it is not the same form: found1 - “to establish” (V), found2 – Past Indefinite of the verb tofind (V). Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words that belong to different parts of speech and have one identical form in their paradigms: a rose 1 (noun) – rose 2 (Past Indefinite of the verb to rise), left 1 (adjective) – left 2 (Past Indefinite of the verb to leave).

32. Groupings of Words:Homonyms. Full Classification Morphologically, homonyms may be subdivided into 3 groups: • homonyms proper • homophones • homographs Lexico-grammatically, homonyms may be classified into 2 classes: • full homonyms • partial homonyms: 1) Partial lexical homonyms and 2) Partiallexico-grammaticalhomonyms: a) simple partial lexico-grammaticalhomonyms b) complex partial lexico-grammaticalhomonyms

33. Groupings of Words: Homonyms . Task 1Give homonyms to the following words and define their types: Dock, pelt, alight, foil, tense, peer, spit, hack, patter, bound, pip, castor, fast, toll, pat, bank, tend, bow, pet, tick, snub, pawn, hawk, one, can, tip, bean, snuff, peak, fob, husky, tender, peep, tenor, brake, fawn, hatch, pound, nail, plump, ear, eye, saw, bar, ray, low, lower, post, hold, hull, scale, shock, shot

34. Groupings of Words: Homonyms. Task 2Define types of the following homonyms: Mews (he) – mews, surf – serf, tear – tear, currant – current, hail – hail - hale, rich – to retch, buyer – byre, wind – wind, tale – tail, die – dye, left –left, piece – peace, match – match, knight – night, bow – bough, thought – thought, see – sea – C, shower – shower, week – weak, write – right – rite, bay – bay – bay, buy – by – bye, temple – temple, shy – shy, made – maid, ball – ball, coco – cocoa, navel – naval, bow – bow, husky – husky, toll – toll, slough – slough, sound – sound, pole – pole, paw – pour – pore, a tow – to tow – a toe, main – mane, bound – bound, shock – shock, eye – I, found – found, lie – lie, fast – fast, post – post

35. Nature of Semantic Change:Development of Meaning Meanings of words are never stable. They change. The change of meaning has 3 aspects: • causes of semantic change, • nature of semantic change, • results of semantic change. • Causes of semantic change answer the question why the word changed its meaning; • Nature of semantic change explains how different changes of meaning took place; • Results of semantic change show what has changed.

36. Nature of Semantic Change Semantic changes are based on associations between 2 meanings: the old meaning and a new one. The process of development of a new meaning is called “transference of meaning”. There exist 2 types of transference of meanings: • similarityof meaning, and • contiguityof meaning.

37. Nature of Semantic Change:Metaphor. Similarity of Meanings Metaphoris a transference of meanings based on their resemblance or similarity; It’s association of 2 objects, one of which in some way resembles the other. There exist various kinds of similarities: • physical properties of human beings and objects (or vise versa); • specific features of character or behavior of animals and birds to denote human qualities; • resemblance of properties of a concrete object and anabstract notion • (examples: see the textbook)

38. Metaphor: Task 3 Explain metaphors in the following words: a green bush – a green apple – a green man – green with envy, fruitful tree – a fruitful work, a blooming flower – a blooming health, wings of a bird – wings of an airplane – wings of a mill – wings of joy, leg of a table – leg of a man, bitter cucumbers – bitter thoughts, sour milk – sour smile, warm weather – warm sympathy, hot temperature – hot forehead – hot words – hot jobs

39. Nature of Semantic Change:Metonymy. Contiguity of Meanings • Metonymy is based on the contiguity of meanings. • It is an association of different relations of objects • The simplest case of metonymy is called synecdoche (examples: see the textbook)

40. Metonymy: Task 4 Explain the use of metonymy in the following sentences • A well-known soprano was singing “Annie Laurie” (A. Christie) • Pint of butter, please. • His son was away at Cambridge. • A blue china was standing on the table. • He married a good inheritance and was quite satisfied. • A thin elderly woman came out of number 14 (A. Christie) • The Rolls Royce is waiting for you to take you to the yacht (E. Stuckly). • I had some silver in my purse. • School began in September. • Use your eyes, use your ears, use you brain – if you’ve got any. And if necessary – act. (A. Christie) • Voices, voices. Everywhere you looked were eyes, hands, mouths… (E. Courtney)

41. Metaphor vs Metonymy: Task 5Pick out cases of metaphor and metonymy in the following sentences and define types of transference of their meanings: • Guests can be introduced to our table. • I noticed a bright steak of sun on the wall. • At dinner he saw a new face. • He dived under the bed and fished out another bottle. (S. Maugham) • His heart danced with him. (S. Maugham) • Phillip was all ears. (S. Maugham) • I told him that sherry, hock and burgundy were being served. (A. Christie) • We, Englishmen, do not parade our emotions. (A. Christie) • At eye level on the white wall facing the desk was a small Renoir (M. Miller). • Silk suits you. • Suddenly, her eyes danced (A. Christie). • The porter can’t throw any fresh light upon the matter. • All is so dark to us in this matter. • 16. I froze there to listen to those old hats.

42. Functional Styles Functional style is understood as a system of expressive means peculiar to a specific sphere of communication (I.V. Arnold, 1974) All the circumstances may be divided into 2 types: formal and informal. Accordingly, 2 Functional styles are distinguished: Formal Functional style, and Informal Functional styles.

43. Functional Styles. Informal FS Informal words are traditionally divided into the following types: • colloquial words, • cant, • jargon, • argot, • vulgarisms, • slang, and • dialect words.

44. Functional Styles: Informal FS. Colloquial Words Colloquialisms are familiar words and idioms used in informal speech and writing. They are not common for polite conversation or business correspondence. They are used to emphasize informality and familiarity of a social situation. They are: • shortenings: an exam, a fridge, a flu; • phrasal verbs: to make up, to pick up, to go on; • colloquial equivalents of common words: • a girl (a woman of any age), to kick thebucket (to die). There are three layers of colloquial words: • literary colloquial, • familiar colloquial and • low colloquial words.

45. Functional Styles: Informal FS. Colloquial Words (cont) Literary colloquial words are used in everyday speech and do not have negative connotations. Familiar colloquial words are used by the young and the semi-educated. They possess negative coarse connotations: ta-ta (goodbye), shut up (keep silent), etc. Low colloquial words are typical of uncultivated people (G.P. Krapp, 1953): • cant, • Jargon, and • argot. Cant is the conversational vocabulary used by members of a specific occupation, profession, sect, class, age group, and interest groups. Jargon is the secret vocabulary of such sub-groups. Argot is both the cant and the jargon of any criminal group.

46. Functional Styles: Informal FS. Slang Slang comes mostly from cant, jargon and argot words whose popularity has increased and a large number of common people uses or understands them. Slang has a tendency to be vulgar and offensive. Slang is more common in speech than in writing. Slang prefers short words, especially monosyllables. Slang is predominantly a language of males. Many types of slang words, including the taboo, refer primarily to male interests: work, money, politics, sports, women.

47. Functional Styles: Informal FS. Slang (cont) Spheres of communication where slang is used: - money: cabbage, lettuce, kale; - parts of the body: cabbage, cauliflower; - people: apple, cold fish, frog, honey; - drunk person: boiled, fried, pickled; - sexually attractive people: cookie, honey, tomato, peach; - some situations and attitudes: to swallow a story, to ask what’s cooking; • nonsense: apple-sauce, banana oil, spinach. Student’s slang is very varied to cram (to study diligently), a bear (a difficult college course), to cut (to miss class), a shotgun (an unexpected exam), to crib (to cheat during an exam), to flunk (to fail to pass an exam), a brain (a smart student), a clod (a stupid student), a bore (a dull lecture), a drag (a boring social evening) (E. Chaika, 1994).

48. Functional Styles: Formal FS. Formal words are typical of a formal style and are restricted to formal situations. Formal words are associated with learned words: • words of scientific prose, • officialese, • literary learned words and • words of poetic diction; • archaisms, • obsolete words, • neologisms and • professionalisms (or terms).

49. Functional Styles: Formal FS. Learned Words Learned words are sometimes called bookish words as they are quite often met in written speech. Words of scientific prose are characterized by their dry and matter-of-fact connotations: recant, postulate, compile, experimental, conclusive, etc. Officialeseare words of a bureaucratic and pedantic language: toproceed (to go), toinquire (to ask), sufficient (enough), attired (dressed), toobtain (to get), etc.  Literary learned words are typical of fiction, they are described as refined words: tobechance, to felicitate, elusive, fascination, etc. Words of poetic diction are used in poetry, obtain high-flown, sometimes archaic, connotations: aclarion, a brow (a forehead), tobehold (to see), Alas!

50. Functional Styles: Formal FS. Learned Words (cont) Archaic words are met in books, in written speech: they are rare in present usage: betwixt (before), save (except), a woe (sorrow), hapless (unlucky), a damsel (a girl), nay (no), thau (you). Obsolete words completely went out of use: anon (at once), tobefall (to happen), etc. Neologisms are new words and expressions created for the purposes of naming new things and phenomena: antibiotic, feedback, nuclear fission. They are borrowed from other languages or made according to the productive patterns of word formation: • affixation: de-icer, super-radar, electee, kitchenette, musicdom; • compounding: gold-digger, ghost-writter, a walk-up, walk-ins; • shortening and blending: telist (telegraphist), coke (coca-cola); • conversion: to garage, to force-land, etc. Terms (professionalisms) are used in a certain branch of sciences, art, technology,e.g., in Linguistics – bilingual, allophones, palatalization, componential analysis, hyponymy, synonyms, etc.