Out

1. O u t l i n i n g Out lin ing Developed by: Professor Jean Van Meter

2. To the ordinary observer, the earth seems to be a solid mass. Scientists, however, know that the earth is composed of several distinct layers. Called the outer crust, the layer closest to the surface consists of lightweight rock that extends for about twenty miles beneath the earth’s surface. Just underneath the crust is a second layer, about two thousand miles thick, known as the mantle. Portions of the mantle are extremely hot. The third layer, or the core of the earth, is made up of nickel and cobalt, and it too reaches extremely high temperatures. The temperatures are hot enough to melt both metals, but the sixty pounds of pressure borne by each square inch keeps them solid. Topic sentence?

3. To the ordinary observer, the earth seems to be a solid mass. Scientists, however, know that the earth is composed of several distinct layers. Called the outer crust, the layer closest to the surface consists of lightweight rock that extends for about twenty miles beneath the earth’s surface. Just underneath the crust is a second layer, about two thousand miles thick, known as the mantle. Portions of the mantle are extremely hot. The third layer, or the core of the earth, is made up of nickel and cobalt, and it too reaches extremely high temperatures. The temperatures are hot enough to melt both metals, but the sixty pounds of pressure borne by each square inch keeps them solid. Paraphrase it!!! Sample: Scientists say the earth is made of many layers. Major details?

4. To the ordinary observer, the earth seems to be a solid mass. Scientists, however, know that the earth is composed of several distinct layers. Called the outer crust, the layer closest to the surface consists of lightweight rock that extends for about twenty miles beneath the earth’s surface. Just underneath the crust is a second layer, about two thousand miles thick, known as themantle. Portions of the mantle are extremely hot. The third layer, or thecoreof the earth, is made up of nickel and cobalt, and it too reaches extremely high temperatures. The temperatures are hot enough tomelt both metals, but the sixty pounds of pressure borne by each square inch keeps them solid. Scientists say the earth is made of many layers. I. Outer crust II. Mantle III. Core Minor details?

5. To the ordinary observer, the earth seems to be a solid mass. Scientists, however, know that the earth is composed of several distinct layers. Called the outer crust, the layer closest to the surface consists of lightweight rock that extends for about twenty miles beneath the earth’s surface. Just underneath the crust is a second layer, about two thousand miles thick, known as themantle. Portions of the mantle are extremely hot. The third layer, or thecoreof the earth, is made up of nickel and cobalt, and it too reaches extremely high temperatures. The temperatures are hot enough to melt both metals, but the sixty pounds of pressure borne by each square inch keeps them solid. Scientists say the earth is made of many layers. I. Outer crust A. Made of lightweight rock B. 20 miles thick II. Mantle III. Core

6. To the ordinary observer, the earth seems to be a solid mass. Scientists, however, know that the earth is composed of several distinct layers. Called the outer crust, the layer closest to the surface consists of lightweight rock that extends for about twenty miles beneath the earth’s surface. Just underneath the crust is a second layer, about two thousand miles thick, known as themantle. Portions of the mantle are extremely hot. The third layer, or thecoreof the earth, is made up of nickel and cobalt, and it too reaches extremely high temperatures. The temperatures are hot enough to melt both metals, but the sixty pounds of pressure borne by each square inch keeps them solid. Scientists say the earth is made of many layers. I. Outer crust A. Made of lightweight rock B. 20 miles thick II. Mantle A. 2,000 miles thick B. Some parts are hot III. Core

7. To the ordinary observer, the earth seems to be a solid mass. Scientists, however, know that the earth is composed of several distinct layers. Called the outer crust, the layer closest to the surface consists of lightweight rock that extends for about twenty milesbeneath the earth’s surface. Just underneath the crust is a second layer, about two thousand miles thick, known as themantle. Portions of the mantle are extremely hot. The third layer, or thecoreof the earth, is made up of nickel and cobalt, and it too reaches extremely high temperatures. The temperatures are hot enough to melt both metals, but the sixty pounds of pressure borne by each square inch keeps them solid. Scientists say the earth is made of many layers. I. Outer crust A. Made of lightweight rock B. 20 miles thick II. Mantle A. 2,000 miles thick B. Some parts are hot III. Core A. Made of nickel and cobalt B. Very hot, but 60 lbs. pressure/sq. in. keeps itsolid

8. There’s a wealth of life in just a handful of soil. We all know that worms live in the dirt, but some worms are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. These wiggling creatures purify the soil and help to aerate it. In addition, many insects make their homes in soil. For example, whole colonies of ants and other insects live and find food at different levels of the soil. And of course, every mother’s child has been told about the soil being full of germs or bacteria. Topic sentence?

9. There’s a wealth of life in just a handful of soil. We all know that worms live in the dirt, but some worms are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. These wiggling creatures purify the soil and help to aerate it. In addition, many insects make their homes in soil. For example, whole colonies of ants and other insects live and find food at different levels of the soil. And of course, every mother’s child has been told about the soil being full of germs or bacteria. Paraphrase it!!! Sample: There are many different kinds of life in a small amount of soil. Major details???

10. There’s a wealth of life in just a handful of soil. We all know that worms live in the dirt, but some worms are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. These wiggling creatures purify the soil and help to aerate it. In addition, many insects make their homes in soil. For example, whole colonies of ants and other insects live and find food at different levels of the soil. And of course, every mother’s child has been told about the soil being full ofgerms or bacteria. There are many different kinds of life in a small amount of soil. I. Worms Minor details?? II. Insects III. Germs or bacteria

11. There’s a wealth of life in just a handful of soil. We all know that worms live in the dirt, but someworms are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. These wiggling creatures purify the soil and help to aerate it. In addition, many insects make their homes in soil. For example, whole colonies of ants and other insects live and find food at different levels of the soil. And of course, every mother’s child has been told about the soil being full ofgerms or bacteria. There are many different kinds of life in a small amount of soil. I. Worms II. Insects III. Germs or bacteria A. Some so small can only be seen with microscope B. Purify and aerate soil A. Whole colonies of ants and others eat and live in soil

12. Cisco Systems is a successful computer company that has grown from $70 million in 1990 to $160 billion in 1999. Currently, eighty percent of internet communications goes through Cisco’s equipment. But how did this company come into being? Actually, Cisco Systems originated because of love in the early 1980s. Leonard Bosack and Sandra Lerner were students at Stanford University who wanted to send e-mail to each other, but because they were in different departments that used different networks, they were unable to make the connection. Bosack and Lerner, with the help of some friends from the engineering school, created a router, a black box containing a cable and software. Voilá, the love birds could now communicate. In 1984, they created Cisco Systems and operated it out of their living room. In 1987 Sequoia Capital bought Cisco Systems from the lovers for $170 million. Topic sentence?

13. Cisco Systems is a successful computer company that has grown from $70 million in 1990 to $160 billion in 1999. Currently, eighty percent of internet communications goes through Cisco’s equipment. But how did this company come into being? Actually, Cisco Systems originated because of love in the early 1980s. Leonard Bosack and Sandra Lerner were students at Stanford University who wanted to send e-mail to each other, but because they were in different departments that used different networks, they were unable to make the connection. Bosack and Lerner, with the help of some friends from the engineering school, created a router, a black box containing a cable and software. Voilá, the love birds could now communicate. In 1984, they created Cisco Systems and operated it out of their living room. In 1987 Sequoia Capital bought Cisco Systems from the lovers for $170 million. Topic sentence? Paraphrase it!

14. Cisco Systems is a successful computer company that has grown from $70 million in 1990 to $160 billion in 1999. Currently, eighty percent of internet communications goes through Cisco’s equipment. But how did this company come into being? Actually, Cisco Systems originated because of love in the early 1980s. Leonard Bosack and Sandra Lerner were students at Stanford University who wanted to send e-mail to each other, but because they were in different departments that used different networks, they were unable to make the connection. Bosack and Lerner, with the help of some friends from the engineering school, created a router, a black box containing a cable and software. Voilá, the love birds could now communicate. In 1984, they created Cisco Systems and operated it out of their living room. In 1987 Sequoia Capital bought Cisco Systems from the lovers for $170 million. Cisco Systems began in the 1980s because of love. Major details???

15. Cisco Systems is a successful computer company that has grown from $70 million in 1990 to $160 billion in 1999. Currently, eighty percent of internet communications goes through Cisco’s equipment. But how did this company come into being? Actually, Cisco Systems originated because of love in the early 1980s.Leonard Bosack and Sandra Lerner were students at Stanford University who wanted to send e-mail to each other, but because they were in different departments that used different networks, they were unable to make the connection. Bosack and Lerner, with the help of some friends from the engineering school, created a router, a black box containing a cable and software. Voilá, the love birds could now communicate. In 1984, they created Cisco Systems and operated it out of their living room. In 1987 Sequoia Capital bought Cisco Systems from the lovers for $170 million. Minor details? Cisco Systems began in the 1980s because of love. I. Leonard Bosack & Sandra Lerner -students at Stanford II. Created router - help from friends in engineering III. 1984- created Cisco Systems IV. 1987 - sold Cisco Syst. to Sequoia Capital

16. Cisco Systems is a successful computer company that has grown from $70 million in 1990 to $160 billion in 1999. Currently, eighty percent of internet communications goes through Cisco’s equipment. But how did this company come into being? Actually, Cisco Systems originated because of love in the early 1980s. Leonard Bosack and Sandra Lerner were students at Stanford University who wanted to send e-mail to each other, but because they were in different departmentsthat used different networks, they were unable to make the connection. Bosack and Lerner, with the help of some friends from the engineering school, created a router, a black box containing a cable and software. Voilá, the love birds could now communicate. In 1984, they created Cisco Systems and operated it out of their living room. In 1987 Sequoia Capital bought Cisco Systems from the lovers for $170 million. Cisco Systems began in the1980s because of love. I. Leonard Bosack & Sandra Lerner -students at Stanford A. In diff. dept. w/ diff. network- couldn’t e-mail II. Created router - help from friends in engineering A. Black box w/ cable and software III. 1984- created Cisco systems A. Worked out of their living room IV. 1987 - sold Cisco Syst. to Sequoia Capital A. Sold for $170 M

17. Are eyeglasses a relatively new invention? For how long have people used aids to see better? Although Aristotle and Ptolemy knew about the parts of the eye, they never developed a cure for any of the deficiencies of the eye. Seneca (4 BC-65 AD) was the first to read with the aid of a globe of glass filled with water. At that time, Nero also watched the gladiators at a distance through an emerald. In 1030, an Islamic scholar, Alhazen, wrote a paper about how a curved lens could help to read, but it was not until the late 1200s that someone created “reading stones” from rock crystal. These stones were cut and polished to look something like a magnifying glass. Within twenty years, despite their being expensive, the demand for “spectacles” was widespread. After the invention of the printing press, and the increase in literacy, the 1600s saw an even greater demand for eye wear. These glasses mostly clipped over the nose, but in 1730, Edward Scarlett in London invented the sidepieces that fit over the ears. Inferred main idea? Topic? What about it? Adapted from: “The ‘Spectacular History of Eyeglasses” by Kevin Filan, Renaissance Magazine Issue #45

18. Are eyeglasses a relatively new invention? For how long have people used aids to see better? Although Aristotle and Ptolemy knew about the parts of the eye, they never developed a cure for any of the deficiencies of the eye. Seneca (4 BC-65 AD) was the first to read with the aid of a globe of glass filled with water. At that time, Nero also watched the gladiators at a distance through an emerald. In 1030, an Islamic scholar, Alhazen, wrote a paper about how a curved lens could help to read, but it was not until the late 1200s that someone created “reading stones” from rock crystal. These stones were cut and polished to look something like a magnifying glass. Within twenty years, despite their being expensive, the demand for “spectacles” was wide spread. After the invention of the printing press, and the increase in literacy, the 1600s saw an even greater demand for eye wear. These glasses mostly clipped over the nose, but in 1730, Edward Scarlett in London invented the sidepieces that fit over the ears. Eyeglasses

19. Are eyeglasses a relatively new invention? For how long have people used aids to see better? Although Aristotle and Ptolemy knew about the parts of the eye, they never developed a cure for any of the deficiencies of the eye. Seneca (4 BC-65 AD) was the first to read with the aid of a globe of glass filled with water. At that time, Nero also watched the gladiators at a distance through an emerald. In 1030, an Islamic scholar, Alhazen, wrote a paper about how a curved lens could help to read, but it was not until the late 1200s that someone created “reading stones” from rock crystal. These stones were cut and polished to look something like a magnifying glass. Within twenty years, despite their being expensive, the demand for “spectacles” was wide spread. After the invention of the printing press, and the increase in literacy, the 1600s saw an even greater demand for eye wear. These glasses mostly clipped over the nose, but in 1730, Edward Scarlett in London invented the sidepieces that fit over the ears. Eyeglassesdeveloped over a long period of time. Major Details???

20. Are eyeglasses a relatively new invention? For how long have people used aids to see better? Although Aristotle and Ptolemy knew about the parts of the eye, they never developed a cure for any of the deficiencies of the eye. Seneca (4 BC-65 AD) was the first to read with the aid of a globe of glass filled with water. At that time, Nero also watched the gladiators at a distance through an emerald. In 1030, an Islamic scholar, Alhazen, wrote a paper about how a curved lens could help to read, but it was not until the late 1200s that someone created “reading stones” from rock crystal. These stones were cut and polished to look something like a magnifying glass. Within twenty years, despite their being expensive, the demand for “spectacles” was wide spread. After the invention of the printing press, and the increase in literacy, the 1600ssaw an even greater demand for eye wear. These glasses mostly clipped over the nose, but in 1730, Edward Scarlett in London invented the sidepieces that fit over the ears. Eyeglassesdeveloped over a long period of time.

21. Eyeglasses developed over a long period of time. I. 4 BC-65 AD – Seneca read with a globe full of water II. 1030 – Alhazen wrote a paper: curved lens can help read III. Late 1200s – someone created reading stones IV. Within twenty years- demand for “spectacles” is high V. 1600s – demand for glasses is even higher VI. 1730 – Edward Scarlett created sidepieces Minor Details???

22. Are eyeglasses a relatively new invention? For how long have people used aids to see better? Although Aristotle and Ptolemy knew about the parts of the eye, they never developed a cure for any of the deficiencies of the eye. Seneca (4 BC-65 AD) was the first to read with the aid of a globe of glass filled with water. At that time, Nero also watched the gladiators at a distance through an emerald. In 1030, an Islamic scholar, Alhazen, wrote a paper about how a curved lens could help to read, but it was not until the late 1200s that someone created “reading stones” from rock crystal. These stones were cut and polished to look something like a magnifying glass. Within twenty years, despite their being expensive, the demand for “spectacles” was wide spread. After the invention of the printing press, and the increase in literacy, the 1600ssaw an even greater demand for eye wear. These glasses mostly clipped over the nose, but in 1730, Edward Scarlett in London invented the sidepieces that fit over the ears. Eyeglassesdeveloped over a long period of time. Outline???

23. Eyeglasses developed over a long period of time. I. 4 BC-65 AD – Seneca read with a globe full of water A. Nero watched at a distance through emerald II. 1030 – Alhazen wrote a paper: curved lens can help read III. Late 1200s – someone created reading stones A. Stones were cut and polished B. Like a magnifying glass IV. Within twenty years- demand for “spectacles” is high V. 1600s – demand for glasses is even higher A. Printing press invented & more people reading VI. 1730 – Edward Scarlett created sidepieces

24. On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after lift off, claiming the lives of all seven crew members. The incident captured the world spotlight, with millions of people focusing on death as a bold, dramatic, and unfortunate tragedy. Two months later, the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, revealed that nearly 11,000 AIDS patients had died since 1981 and indicated that incidences of the fatal disease were escalating. Public attention again was drawn to death, but in this case death was seen as a stalker threatening many of us. Then, on April 26, 1986, a failure of the cooling system at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine resulted in the worst nuclear accident in history. The world was again stunned, angry, and fearful in response to this tragedy. Inferred main idea ???

25. Sample: Three incidents in early 1986 brought world attention to tragedy and death. Major Details???

26. On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after lift off, claiming the lives of all seven crew members. The incident captured the world spotlight, with millions of people focusing on death as a bold, dramatic, and unfortunate tragedy. Two months later, the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, revealed that nearly 11,000 AIDS patients had died since 1981 and indicated that incidences of the fatal disease were escalating. Public attention again was drawn to death, but in this case death was seen as a stalker threatening many of us. Then, on April 26, 1986, a failure of the cooling system at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine resulted in the worst nuclear accident in history. The world was again stunned, angry, and fearful in response to this tragedy.

27. Sample: Three incidents in early 1986 brought world attention to tragedy and death. I. 1/28/86 - Challenger exploded II. March of 86 - CDC announced 11,000 deaths from AIDS since ‘81 III. 4/26/86 - disaster @ Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine Minor Details???

28. On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after lift off, claiming the lives of all seven crew members. The incident captured the world spotlight, with millions of people focusing on death as a bold, dramatic, and unfortunate tragedy. Two months later, the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, revealed that nearly 11,000 AIDS patients had died since 1981 and indicated that incidences of the fatal disease were escalating. Public attention again was drawn to death, but in this case death was seen as a stalker threatening many of us. Then, on April 26, 1986, a failure of the cooling system at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine resulted in the worst nuclear accident in history. The world was again stunned, angry, and fearful in response to this tragedy. Outline ???

29. Sample: Three incidents in early 1986 brought world attention to tragedy and death. I. 1/28/86 - Challenger exploded A. Killed all 7 crew members II. March of 86 - CDC announced 11,000 deaths from AIDS since ‘81 A. That number is increasing fast III. 4/26/86 - disaster @ Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine

30. Outlining Longer Readings

31. Life in Pre-Industrial Times We know that in the pre-industrial family, in the 1800s, women gave birth to many children, often as many as eight or ten, but historical research has found that the typical pre-industrial family had only five or six members. How, then, could the normal household be so small? Several factors contributed to the discrepancy between the number of children born to a pre-industrial family and the number of people actually living in the family. One factor was the high infant and child mortality rate. Because of the harsh living and working conditions and inadequate medical care, one out of every three infants died before the age of 1, and another third died before reaching adulthood.

32. Another factor was that children typically left the household to take full-time employment at ages that seem incredibly young to us. In the eighteenth century, for example, children in western France left home to work as servants, shepherds, cowherds, or apprentices at age 7 or 8! By age 10, virtually all children had left the home. In England at this same time, children did not begin to leave home until age 10, but by 15 nearly all of them had left. Keep in mind that people physically matured later in that period, so these were little kids who had to fend for themselves. In addition, the unsafe environment and lack of proper medical care created a high mortality rate for adults, too. The average married couple had only ten years together before one died. Many times the woman died in childbirth or the father was killed by an accident on the farm or the job. Thesis Statement???

33. Life in Pre-Industrial Times We know that in the pre-industrial family, in the 1800s, women gave birth to many children, often as many as eight or ten, but historical research has found that the typical pre-industrial family had only five or six members. How, then, could the normal household be so small? Several factors contributed to the discrepancy between the number of children born to a pre-industrial family and the number of people actually living in the family. One factor was the high infant and child mortality rate. Because of the harsh living and working conditions and inadequate medical care, one out of every three infants died before the age of 1, and another third died before reaching adulthood. Paraphrase it !!!

34. Sample: There were several reasons why a smaller number of people actually lived in the pre-industrialfamily even though there were many children born into a family. Major Details ???

35. Life in Pre-Industrial Times We know that in the pre-industrial family, in the 1800s, women gave birth to many children, often as many as eight or ten, but historical research has found that the typical pre-industrial family had only five or six members. How, then, could the normal household be so small? Several factors contributed to the discrepancy between the number of children born to a pre-industrial family and the number of people actually living in the family. One factor was the high infant and child mortality rate. Because of the harsh living and working conditions and inadequate medical care, one out of every three infants died before the age of 1, and another third died before reaching adulthood.

36. Another factor was that children typically left the household to take full-time employment at ages that seem incredibly young to us. In the eighteenth century, for example, children in western France left home to work as servants, shepherds, cowherds, or apprentices at age 7 or 8! By age 10, virtually all children had left the home. In England at this same time, children did not begin to leave home until age 10, but by 15 nearly all of them had left. Keep in mind that people physically matured later in that period, so these were little kids who had to fend for themselves. In addition, the unsafe environment and lack of proper medical care created a high mortality rate for adults, too. The average married couple had only ten years together before one died. Many times the woman died in childbirth or the father was killed by an accident on the farm or the job.

37. There were several reasons why a smaller number of people actually lived in the pre-industrialfamily even though there were many children born into a family. I.Many babies and infants died II.Children left home to go to work at young ages III. The living and work conditions were dangerous even for adults Minor Details??

38. Life in Pre-Industrial Times We know that in the pre-industrial family, in the 1800s, women gave birth to many children, often as many as eight or ten, but historical research has found that the typical pre-industrial family had only five or six members. How, then, could the normal household be so small? Several factors contributed to the discrepancy between the number of children born to a pre-industrial family and the number of people actually living in the family. One factor was the high infant and child mortality rate. Because of theharsh living and working conditions and inadequate medical care,one out of every three infants died before the age of 1, and another third died before reaching adulthood.

39. Another factor was that children typically left the household to take full-time employment at ages that seem incredibly young to us. In the eighteenth century, for example, children in western France left home to work as servants, shepherds, cowherds, or apprentices at age 7 or 8! By age 10, virtually all children had left the home. In England at this same time, children did not begin to leave home until age 10, but by 15 nearly all of them had left. Keep in mind that people physically matured later in that period, so these were little kids who had to fend for themselves. In addition, the unsafe environment and lack of proper medical care created a high mortality rate for adults, too. The average married couple had only ten years together before one died. Many times the woman died in childbirth or the father was killed by an accident on the farm or the job.

40. Sample: There were several reasons why a smaller number of people actually lived in the pre-industrialfamily even though there were many children born into a family. I.Many babies and infants died A. Difficult living environment and little medical care 1. 1/3 of babies died before age 1 2. Another 1/3 died before becoming an adult II.Children left home to go to work at young ages A. France-children left @ 7-8 to become servants, etc. 1. By 10 all were gone B. England-children left by 10 1. By 15 all were gone C. People matured later, so these were little kids who had to protect themselves III. The living and work conditions were dangerous even for adults A. Avg. couple only lived together 10 yrs. 1. Women died in childbirth 2. Men died by accidents

41. Did Malthus Get It Wrong? Malthus (1766-1834), a sociologist, predicted an awful fate for overpopulated nations; however, he failed to foresee three revolutions that undermined his theory. He did not anticipate the development of very effective and convenient contraceptives such as the pill and the IUD (intrauterine contraceptive device). He did not expect that birth control , which he condemned as a vice, would become widespread; especially in the West, the use of contraceptives has helped bring birth rates down to a point lower than Malthus thought possible. Meanwhile, the technological revolution has allowed farmers to increase production by raising the yield of their land. New farm equipment and better farming techniques enable farmers to now produce more and more crops without increasing the amount of land. Finally, medical advances have given us an arsenal of effective weapons against contagious diseases that Malthus expected would devastate overpopulated nations. Diseases such as small pox or cholera which are very contagious and would spread very quickly in overpopulated areas have been nearly eliminated. Thesis Statement?

42. Malthus (1766-1834), a sociologist, predicted an awful fate for overpopulated nations; however, he failed to foresee three revolutions that undermined his theory. He did not anticipate the development of very effective and convenient contraceptives such as the pill and the IUD (intrauterine contraceptive device). He did not expect that birth control , which he condemned as a vice, would become widespread; especially in the West, the use of contraceptives has helped bring birth rates down to a point lower than Malthus thought possible. Meanwhile, the technological revolution has allowed farmers to increase production by raising the yield of their land. New farm equipment and better farming techniques enable farmers to now produce more and more crops without increasing the amount of land. Finally, medical advances have given us an arsenal of effective weapons against contagious diseases that Malthus expected would devastate overpopulated nations. Diseases such as small pox or cholera which are very contagious and would spread very quickly in overpopulated areas have been nearly eliminated. Major Details???

43. Malthus (1766-1834), a sociologist, predicted an awful fate for overpopulated nations; however, he failed to foresee three revolutions that undermined his theory. He did not anticipate the development of very effective and convenient contraceptives such as the pill and the IUD (intrauterine contraceptive device). He did not expect that birth control , which he condemned as a vice, would become widespread; especially in the West, the use of contraceptives has helped bring birth rates down to a point lower than Malthus thought possible. Meanwhile, the technological revolution has allowed farmers to increase production by raising the yield of their land. New farm equipment and better farming techniques enable farmers to now produce more and more crops without increasing the amount of land. Finally, medical advances have given us an arsenal of Effective weapons against contagious diseases that Malthus expected would devastate overpopulated nations. Diseases such as small pox or Cholera which are very contagious and would spread very quickly in overpopulated areas have been nearly eliminated. Minor Details???

44. Malthus (1766-1834), a sociologist, predicted an awful fate for overpopulated nations; however, he failed to foresee three revolutions that undermined his theory. He did not anticipate the development of very effective and convenient contraceptives such as the pill and the IUD (intrauterine contraceptive device). He did not expect that birth control , which he condemned as a vice, would become wide – spread; especially in the West, the use of contraceptives has helped bring birth rates down to a point lower than Malthus thought possible. Meanwhile, the technological revolution has allowed farmers to increase production by raising the yield of their land. New farm equipment and better farming techniques enable farmers to now produce more and more crops without increasing the amount of land. Finally, medical advances have given us an arsenal of effective weapons against contagious diseases that Malthus expected would devastate overpopulated nations. Diseases such as small pox or cholera which are very contagious and would spread very quickly in overpopulated areas have been nearly eliminated. Outline?

45. Sample: Malthus’s theory of disaster regarding overpopulated nations made in the early 1800s has not come true because of three major changes. I. Wide use of contraception A. The pill, IUD and other birth control measures have kept birth rates low II. Agricultural technology A. New farm equipment and techniques = more crops III. Medical improvements against contagious diseases A. Ex.: smallpox and cholera are almost gone

46. The Common Cold On an everyday basis, perhaps no ailment is as bothersome as the runny nose, itchy eyes, and generally uncomfortable feeling associated with the common cold. Cold-related symptoms are responsible for more days lost from work than any other ailment. Caused by any number of viruses, colds are endemic* among people throughout the world. Current research indicates that otherwise healthy people carry cold viruses in their noses and throats a majority of the time. These viruses are held in check until a person’s resistance is lowered. It is possible to “catch” a cold from other people by touching them or by airborne droplets from a sneeze. Although numerous theories exist as to how to “cure” the cold, there is little hard evidence to support any of them. The best rule of thumb is to keep your resistance level high. Also, avoid people with newly developed colds (colds are most contagious during the first 24 hours of onset). Once you contact a cold, bed rest, plenty of fluids and aspirin for relief and discomfort are the most “tried and true” remedies. Several over-the-counter preparations are also effective if needed. No Thesis Statement? What can you infer is the thesis???

47. Sample: Although the common cold has been around for centuries, it continues to be an inconvenient, but not life-threatening, illness to many people . Major Details???

48. On an everyday basis, perhaps no ailment is as bothersome as the runny nose, itchy eyes, and generally uncomfortable feeling associated with the common cold. Cold-related symptoms are responsible for more days lost from work than any other ailment. Caused by any number of viruses,colds are endemic* among people throughout the world. Current research indicates that otherwise healthy people carry cold viruses in their noses and throats a majority of the time. These viruses are held in check until a person’s resistance is lowered. It is possible to “catch” a cold from other people by touching them or by airborne droplets from a sneeze. Although numerous theories exist as to how to “cure” the cold, there is little hard evidence to support any of them. The best rule of thumb is to keep your resistance level high. Also, avoid people with newly developed colds (colds are most contagious during the first 24 hours of onset). Once you contact a cold, bed rest, plenty of fluids and aspirin for relief and discomfort are the most “tried and true” remedies. Several over-the-counter preparations are also effective if needed. * endemic: present to some degree

49. Sample: Although the common cold has been around for centuries, it continues to be an inconvenient, but not life-threatening illness to many people . I. Colds are caused by viruses that are everywhere in the world. II. There is no proof that any of the ways to cure a cold will work. The first paragraph is just an introductory paragraph; it does not need to be in the outline. Minor Details???

50. On an everyday basis, perhaps no ailment is as bothersome as the runny nose, itchy eyes, and generally uncomfortable feeling associated with the common cold. Cold-related symptoms are responsible for more days lost from work than any other ailment. Caused by any number of viruses, colds are endemic* among people throughout the world. Current research indicates that otherwise healthy people carry cold viruses in their noses and throats a majority of the time. These viruses are held in check until a person’s resistance is lowered. It is possible to “catch” a cold from other people by touching them or by airborne droplets from a sneeze. Although numerous theories exist as to how to “cure” the cold, there is little hard evidence to support any of them. The best rule of thumb is tokeep your resistance level high. Also, avoid people with newly developed colds (colds are most contagious during the first 24 hours of onset). Once you contact a cold, bed rest, plenty of fluids and aspirin for relief and discomfort are the most “tried and true” remedies. Several over-the-counter preparations are also effective if needed. Outline???