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Political Order and Social Control

Political Organization in human societies takes many forms, of which the State is but one. One reason states generally do not last very long is that they are often controlled by membersof one nationality who try to repress (or even exterminate) other nationalities within the State. This is what S

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Political Order and Social Control

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    3. What is Political Organization? Political organization refers to the means a society uses to maintain order internally and manage its affairs with other societies externally. Such organization may be relatively uncentralized and informal, such as bands and tribes, or centralized and formal, as in chiefdoms and states.

    4. How Is Order Maintained Within a Society? Social controls may be internalized-"built into" individuals-or externalized in the form of sanctions. Built-In controls rely on deterrents such as personal shame and fear of supernatural punishment. Sanctions, by contrast, rely on actions other members of society take toward specifically approved or disapproved behavior. Positive sanctions encourage approved behavior, while negative sanctions discourage disapproved behavior.

    5. How Is Order Maintained Between Societies? Just as the threatened or actual use of force may be employed to maintain order within a society, it also may be used to manage affairs among bands, lineages, clans, or whatever the largest autonomous political units may be. Not all societies, however, rely on force, because some do not practice warfare as we know it. Such societies generally have views of themselves and their place in the world quite different from those characteristic of centrally organized states.

    6. How Do Political Systems Obtain People's Allegiance? No form of political organization can function without the loyalty and support of those it governs. To a greater or lesser extent, political organizations the world over use religion to legitimize their power. In uncentralized systems people freely give loyalty and cooperation because everyone participates in making decisions. Centralized systems, by contrast, rely more heavily on force and coercion, although in the long run these may lessen the system's effectiveness.

    7. Power and Authority Power is the ability to influence people or cause them to do things they would not do otherwise. coercive-involves the use of force persuasive- involves the use of argument, reciprocity, wealth, reputation, and other personal attributes Authority is the exercise of legitimate power. Members of the society have accepted the right of the rulers to rule. What are some examples of authority?

    8. Forms of Political Organization and Leadership Evolutionary-Ecological Model (Service 1978) A starting point to examine the various aspects of human culture. Three Dimensions/Features of Political Adaptation The type of authority within the system and the way it is focused with specific roles. The degree to which political institutions are distinct within the structure of society. The amount of political integration the number of individuals and size of the territorial group that must be managed by the political structure. How people make decisions

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