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Kingdom Fungi ( ch . 26) If at first you don’t like a fungus … Just wait a little, It will grow on you. 

Kingdom Fungi ( ch . 26) If at first you don’t like a fungus … Just wait a little, It will grow on you. . Mycology = study of fungi General Characteristics of Fungi Classification into Phyla / Divisions based on Sexual Reproductive Structures Effects on Humans – Diseases & Benefits

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Kingdom Fungi ( ch . 26) If at first you don’t like a fungus … Just wait a little, It will grow on you. 

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  1. Kingdom Fungi (ch. 26)If at first you don’t like a fungus …Just wait a little, It will grow on you.  Mycology = study of fungi General Characteristics of Fungi Classification into Phyla / Divisions based on Sexual Reproductive Structures Effects on Humans – Diseases & Benefits * You should know all examples *

  2. General Characteristics of Fungi • Heterotrophic saprophytes (decomposers)  release / recycle inorganic nutrients • Reproduce mostly asexually • Haplontic life style – grow from haploid spores • May also be parasitic, predatory, or form other symbioses

  3. General Characteristics of Fungi • Secrete digestive enzymes onto food  extracellular digestion  absorption of nutrients • Digestive enzymes can digest tough substances, such as cellulose in wood • Cell walls made of chitin, a polysaccharide • Multicellular, except for yeasts (unicellular) • Very efficient nutrient transport in hyphae  grow very fast! • Most are poisonous  leave it to the experts to pick the fungus on your plate…

  4. Important Symbioses Lichen = alga or cyanobacteria + fungus –> soil formation from rock Mycorrhyzae provide plant roots w/ inorganic nutrients, receive sugars

  5. Fungal Structure - Cells • Hypha = multinucleated, filamentous cell Fragmentation (asexual):new fungus grows from fragment ↓ Septatehyphae (septum = dividing wall) Coenocytichyphae (no septa) Nuclei Nuclei Cell walls made of chitin

  6. Fungal Structure - Body Fruiting body to disperse spores • Mycelium = network of hyphae body of fungus Mycelium of fungus on wood Hyphae Mycelium

  7. “Fairy Rings” are mushrooms (fruiting bodies) that grow at the tips of an underground mycelium:

  8. Generalized Fungal Life Cycle Haploid Spore Producing Structure: Mitosis (n  n) /Dikaryotic Sporulation n + n  2n SPEED: MAKE SPORES FAST! RECOMBINATION: GENETIC DIVERSITY 2n n n Sporulation Diploid Spore Producing Structure: Meiosis (2n  n)

  9. Basidiomycota “Club Fungi” Basidiomycetes , Ernst Haeckel, 1904

  10. Sexual Reproduction Phylum Basidiomycota“Club” Fungi*Asexual reproduction:fragmentation of septatehyphae and asexual spores Dikaryotic Stage KARYOGAMY n + n  2n PLASMOGAMY Secondary mycelium - mating type + mating type Primary mycelium Meiosis *Basidium = Diploid Spore Producing Structure: Meiosis (2n  n) Basidiospores n

  11. Rusts & Smuts Affect Plant Crops Wheat stem rust - Pucciniagraminis Smut fungus on corn

  12. PlylumAscomycota - “Sac” fungi(largest phylum) IncludesPenicilliummold Cup fungi Truffles

  13. Penicillium mold, an ascomycete

  14. Phylum Ascomycota Conidiophore = Haploid Spore Producing Structure: Mitosis (n  n) - mating type Ascus = Diploid Spore Producing Structure: Meiosis (2n  n) + mating type n + n  2n n

  15. Asexual Reproduction in Yeasts (unicellular ascomycote)Budding YEAST (MOTHER) CELL NEW YEAST CELL

  16. Recent additions to Ascomycota… Athlete’s food & Ringworm

  17. ZygomycotaEx.: black bread mold, Rhizopusstolonifer (asexual)

  18. Phylum Zygomycota - mating type + mating type Zygosporangium = Diploid Spore Producing Structure: Meiosis (2n  n) n 2n Sporangium = Haploid Spore Producing Structure: Mitosis (n  n)

  19. (informal) Phylum Deuteromycota • “Imperfect Fungi” because only observed to reproduce asexually May be moved to other phyla as research continues…

  20. Predatory FungusNematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrus , a deuteromycete, capturing a round worm (nematode)

  21. Dimorphic Fungi Can exist as mold / hyphal / filamentous form (usually at room temperature) or yeast (body temperature)  several potential pathogens: Histoplasmacapsulatum Found in bat and bird feces histoplasmosis; affects mainly lungs, can disseminate through body Candidaalbicans oral and genital infections 25 C 37 C

  22. Benefits • Medicines, including Penicillin, the first antibiotic, isolated from Penicillium fungus • Food: edible mushrooms, moldy cheese , fermentation products (wine, beer), leavened bread (aerobic), etc. • Biotechnology – yeasts used in research, including cloning of genes

  23. Fungal Foods Yeast, sugar, aerobic respiration  CO2 makes bread rise Mold on blue cheese NOT AN ENDORSEMENT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION!!! Alcoholic fermentation (anaerobic)

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