Chapter 16: Politics and Reform

1. Chapter 16: Politics and Reform An Overview

2. Terms to Know • Patronage: jobs given to political supporters • Stalwarts: Republican supporters of the spoils system • Half-Breeds: Republican civil service reformers • Pendleton Act: Civil Service Commission –president decided which federal jobs would be filled according to rules set up by a bipartisan Civil Service Commission • Interstate Commerce Commission: first federal law to regulate interstate commerce

3. More Terms, Just for the fun of it! • McKinley Tariff: lowered some tariffs , but increased others – put the government into debt • Sherman Antitrust Act: made monopolies illegal

4. President Rutherford B. Hayes • Attacked the system of patronage • Believed it corrupted the government

5. President James Garfield • Halfbreed • Vice president was a Stalwart – Chester Arthur • Wanted civil service reform • Assassinated by a Stalwart who wanted a position

6. President Chester Arthur • Pendleton Act passed • Civil service exams

7. President Grover Cleveland • People who supported him expected jobs • Strikes • Haymarket Square • Interstate Commerce Act

8. President Benjamin Harrison • Won the electoral vote but not the popular vote • Republicans controlled both houses and now the president – much legislation was passed • McKinley Tariff • Sherman Anti-Trust Act

9. Populism Highlights • Populism was a movement to increase farmers’ political power • Farmers wanted inflation – makes prices go up and money is worth less • Deflation hurts farmers – prices go down and money is worth more • The Grange: Oliver H. Kelly founded the Patrons of Husbandry • William Jennings Bryan: Cross of Gold

10. Need for Silver The farmers really wanted inflation • Inflation would drive prices up • Inflation devalues the worth of money, making it cheaper to pay back debts In order to better understand inflation and deflation we are going to have an auction

11. Deflation Price drops but the value of products remain the same. Product availability expands faster than the money supply Value of money increase

12. Inflation Prices rise but the value of the products remain the same. Money supply grows faster than the availability of products. Value of money decrease.

13. Inflation/Deflation Recap Why would Midwestern Farmers want to introduce silver into the economy?

14. Railroads and the Courts Munn vs. Illinois- 1877 -The United States Supreme Court decided Munn vs. Illinois in 1877. In its ruling, the court upheld the right of state legislatures to regulate railroad rates. After this legal victory, the Grange backed away from political activism Wabash vs. US- 1886- The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads, and the decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

15. Introduction to the Wizard of Oz • Before we watch the Wizard of Oz we need to discuss the symbols of the Populist Movement. This will help you understand the movie as it is presented as “A Parable on Populism”

16. What was Going on In America at the Time • The Frontier was disappearing • Friction between “old” and “new” Americans • Problems in the cities and farms • 1873 Depression and labor problems • Deflation

17. Populist Party and the Populist Party Platform • Populist Party • Organization of southern and western farmers who gathering in Omaha, Nebraska • Populist Party Platform • Free coinage of silver • Income tax for the wealthy • Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, etc • Shorter working days • Direct election of Senators

18. Need for Silver • The farmers really wanted inflation • Inflation would drive prices up • Inflation devalues the worth of money, making it cheaper to pay back debts

19. 1964: Henry Littlefield’s “Thesis”?

20. Frank Baum http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.oz-central.com/graphic/p_baum_03x.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.oz-central.com/photo.html&h=272&w=177&sz=10&hl=en&start=7&tbnid=GVJxYbV5MgrsQM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=74&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwizard%2Bof%2Boz%2B%252B%2Bbaum%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D • Author of The Wizard of Oz • Supporter of William Jennings Bryan • Lived in the Midwest and observed the hardships that the farmers experienced

21. Dorothy • Represents the common person: the farmer, factory worker, disenfranchised • However also represents the diligence of the Midwesterner • To innocent to recognize the power the she held http://images.movieeye.com/store/images/judy-garland-as-dorothy-gale-from-the-wizard-of-oz-celebrity-photo.jpg

22. Rainbow • Represent hope • They are few and far between • Pay attention to the timing of the rainbows in the movie

23. The Yellow Brick Road • Represents the gold standard • Farmers wanted to abandon the gold standard in order to add more money to the economy http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cyber-cinema.com/classic/WizardOzYellwBrckA_repnt.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cyber-cinema.com/galleryWZ/I_Z/&h=232&w=350&sz=38&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=4mp5HNEfd70-1M:&tbnh=80&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwizard%2Bof%2Boz%2B%252B%2Byellow%2Bbrick%2Broad%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

24. Silver Shoes • In the book the shoes are silver, not ruby • Silver shoes represent the “power” of silver • Introducing silver into the economy would weaken the control of the bankers http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.150.si.edu/images/8shoe.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.150.si.edu/chap8/8shoe.htm&h=316&w=421&sz=100&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=IgC4ZAcPMUqvIM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddorothy%2527s%2Bshoes%2B%252B%2Bwizard%2Bof%2Boz%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

25. Scarecrow • Politicians thought Midwestern farmers were weak, but they proved otherwise • Populist movement felt farmers could comprehend the complex theories that supported the choice of bimetallism http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=scarecrow+%2B+wizard+of+oz

26. Tin Woodsman • Represents the northern factory worker. • Industrial capitalists were treating workers like machines – long hours, little pay, inhumane • Industrialists did not want to increase money supply http://www.megomuseum.com/woz/images/TinmanHeader.jpg

27. Cowardly Lion • Represents William Jennings Bryan – Democratic Presidential candidate in 1897 • Wonderful speaker, but unsuccessful politician • Could not get factory workers’ vote due to pressure from industrial bosses http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&q=lion+%2B+wizard+of+oz

28. Wicked Witch of the East • Represented the industrial capitalists • Oppressed the munchkins • Kept workers in bondage working long hours

29. Winged Monkeys • The Plains Indians in the 1890s • As the frontier expands they have nowhere to go

30. Glinda the Good Witch • Universal goodness • No matter how bad things seem, there is always hope • Watch the timing of her appearances in the movie http://www.cardboardcutouts.com/0567%20Glinda%20the%20Good%20Witch.jpg

31. The Wicked Witch of the West • Perils of nature and the “evils” of industrialism combined • Natural disasters have wrecked havoc on the farmers • Dorothy kills the witch by throwing water on her – the water represents the irrigation which was desperately needed http://thewizardofoz.warnerbros.com/movie/img/photos/photo5.jpg

32. Emerald City • Washington, D.C. • This is were the Yellow Brick Road leads • A “gilded” city

33. The Wizard of Oz • Any president from Grant to McKinley • Able to be everything to everyone, but in reality is just a common person • A façade of power and control http://images.replacements.com/images/images5/china/C/edwin_knowles_wizard_of_oz_no_box_P0000014586S0007T2.jpg

34. Movie Time • Make sure you record examples on your worksheet • Any questions … write them down and we will go over them http://www.mysudbury.ca/NR/rdonlyres/DCA6DB6A-D83A-4EE4-9CF7-2BD669EC95BE/1704/popcorn1.jpg

35. The Rise of Segregation • Southern leaders were looking for ways to keep blacks from voting • Democratic leaders started to use racism so that poor whites would not join blacks politically • 15th Amendment gave blacks the right to vote, but states still put barriers in the way • Poll tax • Literacy tests

36. Legalizing Segregation • Jim Crow Laws • Separate services • Segregated buildings, pools, water fountains • Plessey v. Ferguson • Separate but equal • Lynchings were used to keep blacks in their place

37. African Response • Ida B. Wells • Spoke out against lynching • Newspaper she wrote for was destroyed • Booker T. Washington • Education was the key to equality • Tuskegee Institute • W.E.B. DuBois • Suffrage was the key to equality