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Tutorial 11 Creating XML Document

Tutorial 11 Creating XML Document. Objectives. Describe the history of XML and the uses of XML documents Understand XML vocabularies Define well-formed and valid XML documents, and describe the basic structure of an XML document Create an XML declaration Work with XML comments

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Tutorial 11 Creating XML Document

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  1. Tutorial 11Creating XML Document

  2. Objectives • Describe the history of XML and the uses of XML documents • Understand XML vocabularies • Define well-formed and valid XML documents, and describe the basic structure of an XML document • Create an XML declaration • Work with XML comments • Work with XML parsers and understand how Web browsers work with XML documents New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  3. Objectives (continue) • Create XML elements and attributes • Work with character and entity references • Describe how XML handles parsed character data, character data, and white space • Create an XML processing instruction to apply a style sheet to an XML document • Declare a default namespace for an XML vocabulary and apply the namespaceAccess desktop icons and gadgets on the desktop New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  4. Introducing XML XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is markup language that can be extended and modified to match the needs of the document author and data being recorded. XML has some advantages in presenting structured content. Because it is extensible, XML can be used to create a wide variety of document types. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 4

  5. Introducing XML XML has its roots in Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) which was introduced in the 1980s. SGML is device-independent and system-independent. SGML is difficult to learn and to apply because of its power, scope, and flexibility. XML is a language used to create vocabularies for other markup languages but does not have SGML complexity. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 5

  6. XML Syntax Rules New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 6

  7. XML Today XML was originally created to structure, store, and transport information. XML has become the most common tool for data transmission among various applications. XML is used across a variety of industries. XML is used in all major Web sites. Many software applications (Excel and Word),and server languages (Java, .NET, Perl, PHP) can read and create XML files. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 7

  8. XML Today (continue) All major databases can read and create XML files. On Web pages the structure of XML closely matches the structure used to display the same information in HTML. Mobile device platforms (Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS use XML in a variety of ways. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 8

  9. XML Vocabularies New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 9

  10. Well-Formed and Valid XML Documents An XML document is well-formed if it contains no syntax errors and satisfies the general specifications for XML code as laid out by the W3C. A well-formed XML document that satisfies the rules of a DTD or schema is said to be a valid document. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 10

  11. The Structure of an XML Document XML documents consist of three parts The prolog The document body The epilog The prolog is optional and provides information about the document itself XML declaration Processing instructions Comments lines Document type declaration (DTD) New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 11

  12. The Structure of an XML Document New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 12

  13. The Structure of an XML Document The document body contains the document’s content in a hierarchical tree structure. The epilog is also optional and contains any final comments or processing instructions. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 13

  14. The XML Declaration The XML declaration is always the first part of the prolog in an XML document. It signals to the program reading the file that the document is written in XML, and it provides information about how that code is to be interpreted by the program. The syntax is: <?xml version=“version number” encoding=“encoding type” standalone=“yes | no” ?> A sample declaration: <?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8” standalone=“yes” ?> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 14

  15. Inserting Comments Comments can appear anywhere in the prolog go after the XML declaration. Comments provide additional information about what the document will be used for and how it was created. The syntax for comments is<!-- comment--> This is the same syntax for HTML comments<!-- This document contains data on SJB Pet Butiqueholiday specials File name: sjbpet.xml Author: Patricia Dean Date: 9/18/2016 --> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 15

  16. XML Parsers • Parser (or processor) is a program that reads and interprets an XML document. • Parser interprets a document’s code and verifies that it satisfies all the XML specifications for document structure and syntax. • Parsers are strict. • All major Web browsers include an XML parser. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  17. XML Parsing Process New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  18. Exchanger XML Editor New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  19. Working with Elements Elements are the basic building blocks of XML. An element can have text content and child element content. The content is stored between an opening tag and a closing tag, just as in HTML. The syntax of an XML element with text:<element>content</element> Example:<manufacturer>SJB Pet Boutique</manufacturer> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 19

  20. Working with Elements Element names are case sensitive. Element names must begin with a letter or the underscore and cannot contain blank spaces. The element’s name in closing tag must exactly match the name in the opening tag. An empty element with a single tag:<element /> An empty element with a pair of tags:<element></element> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 20

  21. Nesting Elements An element contained within another element. Nested elements also called child elements. Child elements must be enclosed within their parent elements. Example:<product> <productName>Dog Shirt Gift Basket</productName> <manufacturer>SJB Pet Boutique</manufacturer> <description>Something for every day of the week</description> <price>35.99</price> <productItems>1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204</productItems></product> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 21

  22. The Element Hierarchy All elements in the body are children of a single element called the rootor documentelement. There can be only oneroot element. The familial relationship of parent, child, and sibling extends throughout the entire document body. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 22

  23. The Element Hierarchy New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  24. Charting the Element Hierarchy New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 24

  25. Writing the Document Body New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 25

  26. Working with Attributes An attribute is a feature or characteristic of an element. Every element can contain one or more attributes. Attributes are text strings and must be placed in single or double quotes. The syntax is: <element attribute=“value”> … </element>or<element attribute=“value” /> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 26

  27. Working with Attributes New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  28. Using Character and Entity References Special characters, such as the € symbol, can be inserted into your XML document by using a character reference. The syntax is: &#nnn; Some symbols also can be identified using entity reference. The syntax is: &#entity; New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 28

  29. Using Character and Entity References nnnis a character reference number or name from the ISO/IEC character set. entity is the name assigned to the symbol. ISO/IEC character setis an international numbering system for referencing characters from virtually anylanguage. Character references in XML are the same as in HTML. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 29

  30. Using Character and Entity References New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 30

  31. Using Character and Entity References New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 31

  32. Parsed Character Data Parsed character data(PCDATA) consists of all those characters that XML treats as parts of the code of XML document The XML declaration The opening and closing tags of an element Empty element tags Character or entity references Comments New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 32

  33. Character Data and White Space Character data is not processed, but instead is treated as pure data content. White spacerefers to nonprintable characters such as spaces (created by pressing the Spacebar), new line characters (created by pressing the Enter key), or tab characters (created by pressing the Tab key). HTML applies white space stripping, in which consecutive occurrences of white space are treated as a single space. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 33

  34. Creating a CDATA Section A CDATA section is a block of text that XML treats as character data only. The syntax to create a CDATA section is: <! [CDATA [ character data ] ]> A CDATA section may contain most markup characters, such as <, >, and &. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 34

  35. Creating CDATA Section This example shows an element named htmlcode that contains a CDATA section, which is used to store several HTML tags: <htmlcode> <![CDATA[ <h1>SJB Pet Boutique</h1> <h2>Fashion for Pets and Their Humans</h2> ]]> </htmlcode> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 35

  36. Example of CDATA Section New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 36

  37. Formatting XML Data with CSS XML documents do not include any information about how they should be rendered. Rendering is determined solely by the parser. Link the XML document to a style sheet to format the document. The XML parser will combine the style sheet with the XML document and will render a single formatted document. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 37

  38. Formatting XML Data with CSS New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 38

  39. Applying a Style to an Element Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – style sheet language. To apply a style sheet to a document, use the following style declaration: selector {attribute1: value1; attribute2: value2; …} selector is an element (or set of elements, separated by comma) from the XML document. attribute and valueare the style attributes and attribute values to be applied to the document. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 39

  40. Applying a Style to an Element For example: author { color: red; font-weight: bold; } Will display the text of the artist element in a red boldface type. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 40

  41. Inserting a Processing Instruction The link from the XML document to a style sheet is created using a processing instruction. A processing instruction is a command that tells an XML parser how to process the document. Processing instruction syntax:<?target instruction ?>targetidentifies the program (or object) to which the processing instruction is directed and instructionis information that the document passes on to the parser for processing<?xml-stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”url” media=”type” ?> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 41

  42. The sjbpet.xml Document with Style Sheet Applied New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition 42

  43. Working with Namespaces • Namespace – a defined collection of element and attribute names. • Applying a namespace to an XML document involves two steps: • Declare the namespace. • Identify the elements and attributes within the document that belong to that namespace. New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  44. Declaring a Namespace • Syntax: <element xmlns:prefix=”uri”> ... </element> • elementis the element in which the namespace is declared,prefix is a string of characters that you’ll add to element and attribute names to associate them with the declared namespace, and uriis a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)—a text string that uniquely identifies a resource. • Example:<products xmlns:prd=”http://example.com/sjbpetboutique/products”> ... </products> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

  45. Applying a Default Namespace • A default namespace is declared omitting the prefix in the namespace declaration. • Syntax:<element xmlns=”uri”> ... </element> • Example:<products xmlns=”http://example.com/sjbpetboutique/products”> New Perspectives on HTML, CSS, and XML 4th edition

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