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Naegleria fowleri & Acanthamoeba

Naegleria fowleri & Acanthamoeba. Ashley Skellie & Karissa Jensen. Naegleria fowleri. Background. Single-celled amoeba 30+ Naegleria species Discovered in Australia Infections are rare. Taxonomy. Geographic Distribution. Worldwide United States Australia Czech Republic

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Naegleria fowleri & Acanthamoeba

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  1. Naegleriafowleri& Acanthamoeba Ashley Skellie & Karissa Jensen

  2. Naegleriafowleri

  3. Background • Single-celled amoeba • 30+ Naegleria species • Discovered in Australia • Infections are rare

  4. Taxonomy

  5. Geographic Distribution • Worldwide • United States • Australia • Czech Republic • Great Britain • Mexico • Czechoslovakia • Prevalent in the summer months

  6. Hosts • Definitive • Humans • Intermediate • None • Inhabitants of: • Soil • Warm, freshwater • Geothermal springs • Recreational pools • Heated tap water

  7. Means of Infection • Inhaled through the nose • Cannot spread from human to human • Migrate to the brain via olfactory nerves • Neti Pots • http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/fatal-infections-linked-neti-pots/story?id=15170230 • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/17/brain-eating-amoeba-death_n_1155334.html

  8. Morphology • Cyst • 8-12 um diameter • Single-walled • Spherical • Trophozoite • 10-15 um diameter • Infectious form • Reproductive form • Flagellated form • Reproduce asexually • Binary fission

  9. Life Cycle

  10. Pathogenesis • Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis • Leads to destruction of brain tissue • Early Symptoms • Headache • Fever • Nausea • Vomiting • Stiff neck • Later Symptoms • Confusion • Lack of attention • Loss of balance • Seizures • Hallucinations • Death within 1 to 12 days

  11. Diagnosis & Treatment • Early diagnosis is key • Cerebral spinal fluid • Tissue biopsy • Autopsy • Amphotericin B • High toxicity • Miconazole • High mortality rate

  12. Control Vectors • Avoid swimming, diving, or jumping into water when temperatures are high and water levels are low • Hold head above water • Hold nose shut; nose plugs • Avoid digging up/disrupting sediment while swimming.

  13. Acanthamoeba

  14. Background • Part of same superclass as Naegleriafowleri • Microscopic amoeba • Rare infection found worldwide • Many species infect humans • Accidently discovered in 1930

  15. Taxonomy

  16. Hosts • Definitive • Humans • Intermediate • None • Inhabitants of: • All types of water • Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems • Dust • Soil

  17. Morphology • Cyst • Double-walled • Dormant • Highly resistant • Trophozoite • Infectious stage • Reproduction

  18. Means of Infection • Ruptured skin • Inhaled through the nose • Eye • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6ZEHUg2bgk

  19. Life Cycle

  20. Pathogenesis • Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis • Attacks brain & spinal cord • Headaches • Stiff neck • Nausea • Vomiting • Tiredness • Confusion • Lack of attention • Loss of balance • Seizures • Hallucinations • Immunocompromised

  21. Pathogenesis • Acanthamoebakeratitis • Affects vision • Pain • Redness • Blurred vision • Sensitivity to light • Sensation of something in the eye • Excessive tearing • Disseminated infection • Infection throughout body • Ruptured skin

  22. Diagnosis & Treatment • Early diagnosis is essential • Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis & Disseminated Infection • Difficult to diagnose • Brain scans • Biopsies • Spinal taps • Ketoconaole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole • Amphotericin B • Acanthamoebakeratitis • Scraping of eye • Confocal microscopy • Topical anti-microbial agents • Combination of propamidine, miconazole, and neomycin.

  23. Control Vectors • Use proper contact lens hygiene • Visit eye care provider • Wash hands • Avoid water • Unclear prevention for Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis & disseminated infection.

  24. Review Questions • What are the definitive and intermediate hosts of both parasites? • Where can these parasites be found in the environment? • Can Naegleriafowleribe spread from human to human? • Name a disease caused by Naegleriafowleri. • Name a disease caused by Acanthamoeba. • What is the difference between the parasites’ cyst stage?

  25. References • http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2010/Katherine_Fero/FeroNaegleriafowleri.htm • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7960/ • http://www.aoa.org/x8186.xml • http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/acanthamoeba/ • http://www.jstor.org/stable/4455900?seq=2 • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/17/brain-eating-amoeba-death_n_1155334.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6ZEHUg2bgk • http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/58-Acanthamoeba-Keratitis-Contact-Lens-Wear-Pain-Ring-Infiltrate.htm

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