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Precedence Diagramming

Introduction to Project Scheduling. Precedence Diagramming. Team Mission. Scheduling Terminology. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

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Precedence Diagramming

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  1. Introduction to Project Scheduling Precedence Diagramming

  2. Team Mission Scheduling Terminology • Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) • A deliverable oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team to accomplish the team mission and create the required deliverables. The WBS defines the project scope.

  3. Team Mission Scheduling Terminology • Deliverable • Any unique and verifiable product or result that must be produced to complete a project. Usually the lowest level of the WBS.

  4. Team Mission WBS (Scope) Task 1 Task 2 (Etc.) Task 1 Task 2 (Etc.) Task 1 Task 2 (Etc.) Task 1 Task 2 (Etc.) Task 1 Task 2 (Etc.) Task 1 Task 2 (Etc.) Activity List (Schedule) Scheduling Terminology • Scheduled Activity (task) • A component of work performed to create a deliverable.

  5. Scheduling Terminology • Duration • Total number of work periods required to complete a scheduled activity. Usually expressed as workdays. (contrast with “effort”) • Effort • Total number of labor units requird to complete a scheduled activity. Usually expressed as staff hours or a rate. (contrast with “duration”) • Schedule Milestone • A significant event in the project schedule, such as an event restraining future work or marking the completion of a major deliverable. A “measuring point”. Milestones have “0” (zero) duration and no resource assignments.

  6. Basic Bar Chart (Gantt Chart)

  7. Defining Activities/Tasks • Definition • Assignment • Significance

  8. Task Interdependencies Task Interdependencies Specify Task Relationships All tasks are Related To: • Other Schedule Activities • “Mandatory” or “Hard Logic” • “Discretionary” or “Soft Logic” • External Events • Dependent Dates • Required Dates Network Diagram

  9. Finish Start Start Start Finish Finish Types of Task Relationships • FS – Finish Start • SS – Start Start • FF – Finish Finish

  10. Lead and Lag are used to Modify Relationships Lead and Lag Can be used with any Relationship Type (FS, FF, SS) Leads and Lags Normal Finish - Start Finish – Start Modified by a Lead Finish – Start Modified by a Lag

  11. Arrow Diagram Method (ADM) (aka Activity on Arrow – AOA) • Tasks represented by arrows (length not related to duration) • Dependency shown as node • Only F-S relationship used • Archaic – not used with current software 2 5 1 7 3 8 6 4 “Dummy task” used to complete logic, duration of “0”

  12. Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) (aka Activity on Node – AON and Network Diagram) • Tasks represented by nodes • Dependency shown as arrows or links between nodes • All task relationships can be used (FS, FF, SS) • Basis for all current software applications A D F B E C G

  13. Critical Path • Sequence of scheduled activities that determines the project duration • Longest duration path through the project network • Activities on the Critical Path are called “Critical Activities” • Critical activities have no float or slack • A project can have more than one critical path • Activities not on the Critical Path are called “Non Critical Activities • To shorten the project duration, a scheduler must modify the critical path activities or dependencies

  14. Float (or Slack) • Total Float – the total amount of time that a scheduled activity (or milestone) may be delayed or extended without delaying the project end date or violating a schedule constraint. • Free Float – the amount of time that a scheduled activity (or milestone) can be delayed without delaying the start of the next activity in the network. • Negative Float – the amount of time that by which a critical activity (or milestone) misses a required date.

  15. Critical Path Method • Calculate Early Start & Early Finish dates (FORWARD PASS) • Calculate Late Start & Late Finish dates (BACKWARD PASS) • Calculate TOTAL FLOAT for each activity • Identify activities with 0 (zero) TOTAL FLOAT

  16. WBS Code Activity Early Start (ES) Late Start (LS) Duration Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) Activity Node

  17. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity B Activity A Activity C Activity E Activity D Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 7 5 3 3 2 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Simple Project consisting of 5 Tasks

  18. WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity E Activity A Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 7 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = TWO THINGS NEEDED TO SET PROJECT START DATE 1 • First and last activities (milestones) • Activity durations

  19. 6 Critical Path Method • Calculate Early Start & Early Finish dates (FORWARD PASS) • Calculate Late Start & Late Finish dates (BACKWARD PASS) • Calculate TOTAL FLOAT for each activity • Identify activities with 0 (zero) TOTAL FLOAT

  20. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity B Activity A Activity C Activity E Activity D Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 7 5 3 3 2 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Project Start Date & Task Durations are known 1

  21. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity B Activity C Activity E Activity A Activity D Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 3 2 7 5 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Early Finish = Early Start + Duration 1 8

  22. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity B Activity C Activity A Activity E Activity D Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 2 7 5 3 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Early Start With Single Predecessor 1 8 8 13 8 10

  23. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity B Activity D Activity A Activity C Activity E Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 3 2 5 7 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Early Start With Multiple Predecessors 1 8 8 13 13 16 8 10

  24. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity A Activity E Activity C Activity D Activity B Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 3 7 5 2 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Start-to-Start Relationships (A to E) 1 8 8 13 13 16 8 10 1 4

  25. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity A Activity E Activity C Activity D Activity B Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 3 7 5 2 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Completed FORWARD Pass 1 8 8 13 13 16 8 10 1 4

  26. Critical Path Method • Calculate Early Start & Early Finish dates (FORWARD PASS) • Calculate Late Start & Late Finish dates (BACKWARD PASS) • Calculate TOTAL FLOAT for each activity • Identify activities with 0 (zero) TOTAL FLOAT

  27. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity E Activity D Activity C Activity A Activity B Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 5 2 3 7 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Start the BACKWARD Pass 1 8 8 13 13 16 16 8 The last activity Early Finish (EF) will default to be the Late Finish (LF). 10 1 4

  28. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity E Activity D Activity C Activity A Activity B Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 5 2 3 7 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Late Start (LS) = Late Finish (LF) - Duration 1 8 8 13 13 13 16 16 8 10 1 4

  29. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity A Activity D Activity E Activity B Activity C Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 7 5 3 2 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Late Starts with Single Successors 1 8 8 8 13 13 13 13 16 16 8 11 10 13 1 4

  30. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity A Activity B Activity D Activity E Activity C Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 2 5 7 3 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Late Start with Multiple Successors 1 1 8 8 8 8 13 13 13 13 16 16 8 11 10 13 1 4

  31. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity C Activity E Activity A Activity B Activity D Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 2 5 7 3 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Finish-to-Finish Relationships (D to E) 1 1 8 8 8 8 13 13 13 13 16 16 8 11 10 13 1 13 4 16

  32. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity C Activity E Activity A Activity B Activity D Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 2 5 7 3 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Completed BACKWARD Pass 1 1 8 8 8 8 13 13 13 13 16 16 8 11 10 13 1 13 4 16

  33. 6 Critical Path Method • Calculate Early Start & Early Finish dates (FORWARD PASS) • Calculate Late Start & Late Finish dates (BACKWARD PASS) • Calculate TOTAL FLOAT for each activity • Identify activities with 0 (zero) TOTAL FLOAT

  34. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity D Activity B Activity E Activity C Activity A Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 7 3 2 5 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Late Finish (LF) – Early Finish (EF) 1 1 8 8 8 8 13 13 0 0 13 13 16 16 0 8 11 10 13 3 1 13 4 16 12

  35. 6 Critical Path Method • Calculate Early Start & Early Finish dates (FORWARD PASS) • Calculate Late Start & Late Finish dates (BACKWARD PASS) • Calculate TOTAL FLOAT for each activity • Identify activities with 0 (zero) TOTAL FLOAT

  36. WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code WBS Code Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity D Activity B Activity E Activity C Activity A Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Early Start (ES) Duration Duration Duration Duration Duration Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) Late Start (LS) 3 7 3 2 5 Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Early Finish (EF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Total Float (TF) = Critical Path – Tasks with no Total Float (TF) 1 1 8 8 8 8 13 13 0 0 13 13 16 16 0 8 11 10 13 3 1 13 4 16 12

  37. Task A 2 days Task C 1 days Task F 5 days Start Fin Task B 3 days Task D 2 days Task G 2 days Task E 4 days 8 days St – A – C – F – Fin: ________ St – B – D – G – Fin: ________ St – B – E – G – Fin: ________ 7 days 9 days

  38. Task A 4 days Task D 5 days Task H 7 days Task B 6 days Task E 10 days Task J 2 days Start Fin Task F 5 days Task C 8 days Task G 8 days 16 days St – A – D – H – Fin: ________ St – B – E – J – Fin: ________ St – C – F – J – Fin: ________ St – C – G – Fin: ________ 18 days 15 days 16 days

  39. Task C 5 days Task A 4 days Task F 10 days Start Task I 2 days Task D 7 days Task B 3 days Task G 4 days Fin Task E 3 days Task J 4 days Task H 2 days 21 days St – A – C – F – I – Fin: ________ St – B – D – F – I – Fin: ________ St – B – D – G – I – Fin: ________ St – B – E – G – I – Fin: ________ St – B – E – H – J – Fin: ________ 22 days 16 days 12 days 12 days

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