1. Organization Design Optimization UsingGenetic Programming Bijan Khosraviani Raymond E. Levitt John R. Koza Stanford University

2. Criterion E (E) The result is equal to or better than the most recent human-created solution to a long-standing problem for which there has been a succession of increasingly better human-created solutions.

3. Criterion H (H) The result holds its own or wins a regulated competition involving human contestants (in the form of either live human players or human-written computer programs).

5. Organization Design • A complex multi-dimensional problem involving properties of individuals and sub-teams, activity assignments, percentage allocation for each activity, and decision-making policy

6. Constraints • Organization designs are subject to constraints such as size of staff, skills of team members, adherence to minimum process quality

7. Fitness • Compliant organizational designs are rated by the duration of the project

8. Human Performance • Over 50 teams of 4-5 people have worked on a benchmark problem involving the construction of a biotech plant • Every year since 1996, graduate students in CEE 242 course at Stanford have broken into teams of 4-5 to work on the problem • Also, every year since 1996, practicing professional project managers from industry have broken into teams of 4-5 to work on the problem as part of a summer program at Stanford in the Dept. of Civil Engineering

9. Human Results • Between 1996 and 2001, teams regularly created designs that were superior to previous designs • Each new best design won a bottle of champagne • Since 2001, no team has created an improved solution

10. GP-Created Design • The organizational design created by genetic programming (and described in a GECCO-2004 late-breaking paper) is 2% better than the best human-created design from over 50 teams of 4-5 people between 1996 and 2001.