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Computers: Information Technology in Perspective

Computers: Information Technology in Perspective. Inside the Computer. Presentation 3. Be Informed ! !. And, make good decisions when purchasing a PC. Electronic Signals. Analog. Digital. Binary Digits (Bits). }. Human readable symbols . On 1. Off 0. }. Electronic

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Computers: Information Technology in Perspective

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  1. Computers: Information Technology in Perspective

  2. Inside the Computer Presentation 3

  3. Be Informed ! ! And, make good decisions when purchasing a PC.

  4. Electronic Signals Analog Digital

  5. Binary Digits (Bits) } Human readable symbols On 1 Off 0 } Electronic pulse present Electronic pulse absent Inside the computer’s memory (RAM) } Permanently stored on disks Positive magnetic field Negative magnetic field } Permanently stored on CD-ROM Pitted Not Pitted Off } Fiber Optic Cable Light Pulse No Light Pulse Only 2 states possible On

  6. Digitizing Data Digital 001001110001 Analog

  7. Encoding Systems “A” is represented by this bit pattern 1 byte= 8 bits A 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

  8. Please memorize by our next class. ASCII Chart Just kidding! Other Systems: ANSI (8 bit) Unicode (16 bit) Hexadecimal display

  9. PC System Unit Motherboard Storage Devices Processor Hard Drive RAM Floppy Drive Expansion Cards CD-ROM/ DVD Drive

  10. Motherboard • Electronic circuit board • Provides communication among: • Microprocessor • Chipset • Memory chips • Expansion boards • Bus • Device controllers

  11. Intel Processor Progression • Pentium 4 • Pentium D • Celeron D • Core 2 • Atom • Pentium (Dual-Core)  • Core (i3 · i5 · i7) • 286, 386, 486 • Pentium® • Pentium® Pro • Pentium® II • Pentium® III • Celeron® • Itanium™ Photo Courtesy of Intel Corporation

  12. Microprocessor Components Accumulator • ALU • Control Unit • Read/Interpret program instructions • Direct the operation of internal components • Control flow of programs/data to RAM Decoder Program Register Instruction Register

  13. Memory Types RAM Cache ROM PROM Flash

  14. RAM • Random Access Memory • Solid-state electronic circuitry • Holds current data and programs at a RAM address • Temporary or volatile storage

  15. RAM Types • SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) • Can synchronize itself with the processor • RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) • Newer and more expensive • 6 times faster than SDRAM • Physical installation • SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single) • DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual) • RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade) • DDR SDRAM 1200MB/s • DDR2 SDRAM • DDR3 SDRAM 6400 MB/s

  16. Cache Memory • Faster and more costly than RAM • Much smaller capacity than RAM • Holds next likely instructions • Increases system throughput

  17. ROM • Read Only Memory • Permanent; user cannot change • Loads Operating System during boot process • PROM

  18. Flash Memory • Type of PROM • Can be easily changed by user • Non-volatile • Upgrade by downloading software from the Web or disk • No longer need to replace chips or circuit boards

  19. What Happens Inside Control flow Instruction flow Data flow Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Input Unit Output Unit Main memory

  20. Instruction Cycle = I-time + E-time Everything is translated to Machine Language Fetch Instruction Instruction Time Place result in memory Decode Instruction Execution Time Pipelining Execute Instruction

  21. Adding Peripherals Expansion Slot Peripheral plugs into port Pins plug into slot Courtesy of ATI Technologies Inc. Expansion Card

  22. Bus Types • ISA bus • PCI local bus • SCSI bus • USB bus (hot plug) • 1394 bus (FireWire) • AGP bus • PCI Express PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: ×4 , ×16, ×1 and ×16), compared to a traditional 32-bit PCI slot (bottom), as seen on DFI’s LanParty nF4 SLI-DR. Expansion boards are made to fit a particular type of bus

  23. Ports • 8 bits at a time • Fast • Printers • Short distances • 1 bit at a time • Slow • Mice/modems • Long distances Parallel Serial • Keyboard • Mouse • Round 5-pin connector • Infrared Light waves • Printers • Short distance Dedicated IrDA • Expensive ? • External hard drives • Video cameras • 15 peripherals • Daisychained SCSI 1394 • High speed • Buy cable separately USB • High speed SATA

  24. Adding Peripherals • Common boards: • AGP (accelerated graphics port) • PCI-E • Sound • Data/Voice/Fax modem • Cable modem • Other boards: • USB hub • Network interface card (NIC) • SCSI interface card • Video capture card

  25. PCMCIA Card U.S. Robotics Mobile Communications Corporation

  26. Describing the Processor • Word Size • 64-bit for PCs • Processor Speed • MHz, MIPS, FLOPS • 750 MHz to 3.2 GHz for PCs • RAM Capacity • 1 GB to 16 GB for PCs • Processor Personality

  27. Storage Capacity

  28. Processor Design • Parallel processing • Massively parallel processing • Neural networks

  29. Inside the Computer The End

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