Ozone Transport that Impacts on Tribal Land: Case Study

1. Ozone Transport that Impacts on Tribal Land: Case Study Stan Belone Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community

2. Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC) • Created by executive order, June 1879 • Governed by seven Council members, President and Vice President • Population more than 7,000 enrolled members • 53,000 acres, 19,000 acres natural preserve, 12,000 acres of agricultural land

3. Salt River Location • One of 21 Indian tribes in Arizona • Located in Maricopa County • Boundaries of Mesa, Tempe, Scottsdale, Fountain Hills and metro Phoenix • One of 3 tribes monitoring ground-level ozone in Arizona

5. Understanding Ozone Transport • Ozone always formed as described previously • Precursor molecules (NOx, VOCs) can be transported from neighboring locations • Ozone can be transported from neighboring locations • Ozone concentrations on reservation aren’t always from reservation

7. Understanding Transport (cont.) • Ozone can be transported over short distances • Ozone precursors can be transported over long distances • Ozone formation due to sources far away • VOC transport depends on individual reactivity • Less reactive VOC’s (e.g., alkanes) travel farther than highly reactive VOC’s (e.g., terpenes) • Your reservation may be impacted from sources near and far

10. Ozone Transport Depends on Meteorological Conditions • Wind speed and direction facilitate transport • Precursor compounds travel via wind • Ozone can travel (smaller distances) via wind • Other factors (temp, solar radiation, RH, etc.) influence transport • These influence quantities of precursors transported and formed • These influence amount of ozone formation

11. Ozone Transport Concerns for SRPMIC • What do we know…some factors • Geographical region and meteorological conditions • Within large metropolitan region • Population growth each year • Significant increase of mobile sources

12. Ozone Transport Concerns (cont.) • Expansion of business enterprises and industrial activities • Bad air quality affects human livelihood • Efforts of monitoring and understanding the ozone data • Factors that determine pollution: monitoring data, model, pattern of pollution, meteorology

13. Geographic Region and Weather • Study shows potential of high ozone concentrations on geographic scale • High ambient-temperature regions like Phoenix facilitate high levels during ozone season • Dry, hot regions with stagnant air in summer typically generate high ozone

14. Geographic Region and Weather (cont.) • Urban/rural areas subject to high ozone levels as winds carry emissions miles away • Elevated region more likely affected in area downwind from exposure • Salt River land downwind of Metropolitan Phoenix in peak- level periods

15. WithinMetropolitanRegion

16. Growth • Over 3 million population in 2000 • Population increased 45% from 1990 in Maricopa County • City of Gilbert one of fastest-growing cities in nation • Increased mobile transport and industrial activities • Urbanization in region encroached on Community • Salt River located within urban region east of Metro Phoenix

17. History of Air Program • Salt River committed to development of air quality program • Began developing air quality program late 1997 • Accomplished EI, developed technical and policy capacity

18. History of Air Program (cont.) • Hired personnel to manage ambient air monitoring program summer 2001 • Commenced monitoring summer 2002 • Recommendation process in designation of 8-hour ozone standard, July 2003

19. Monitoring Network • Classified as non-attainment for 3 criteria pollutants • Designated ozone monitoring in State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) status

20. Monitoring Network (cont.) • To determine • Transport significant sources • Representative concentrations in areas of population density • Background concentration levels

21. Monitoring Design • 2 permanent ozone monitoring stations • Desert Eagle Secondary School • Red Mountain Trap & Skeet

22. Salt River Community

23. Pollution Levels on Tribal Land • Monitoring data shows high ozone measured in 2002 • Summertime ground-level ozone results high • Hourly concentrations obtained at Red Mountain site higher than others • Noticed meteorological trend • Compared data with other monitoring network • Installed new monitoring equipment

24. Strategy • Evaluate and approach ozone criteria; prioritize over PM on special studies • New 8-Hour Ozone standard an issue • Planned Ozone Seasonal Monitoring Study at two locations

25. Strategy (cont.) • Supplemental equipment with assistance from local environmental firm • Partnership with local environmental professional to conduct the study • Extended 1 seasonal monitor until end of 2003

26. Monitoring Site Information • Ozone Seasonal Monitoring • Lehi – June to December 2003 • Early Childhood – July to October • Monitoring site elevation (Feet) • Desert Eagle 1250 • Lehi 1260 • Early Childhood 1283 • Red Mountain 1296

33. High Ozone Pollution Day

36. Ozone Monitoring Data • Data show high ozone concentrations in area • Exceedance of 8-Hr Standard occurred several times; none for 1-Hr Standard • Results indicate ozone concentrations vary across the tribal land • Eastern monitoring site obtained higher ozone concentration than western

37. Ozone Monitoring Data (cont.) • Higher geographic location typically observed higher ozone concentration • Higher ambient temperature reflects trend toward higher ozone concentration • Wind pattern indicates response of pollution trend • Majority of ozone peak periods when wind pattern runs from west and southwest

38. Summary • Ground level ozone is regional pollutant • High levels can be widespread with transport far from pollution source • Salt River Community is downwind of Metro Phoenix • Study determines outside sources potentially impact Salt River airshed