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REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH. Direct Speech. It is one way of relating what a person has said . In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words ‘I am going to Oxford with my parents tomorrow ,’ Ben said .

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REPORTED SPEECH

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  1. REPORTED SPEECH

  2. DirectSpeech Itisoneway of relatingwhat a person has said. In directspeechwerepeatthe original speaker’sexactwords ‘I am goingto Oxford with my parentstomorrow,’ Ben said. Theremarkis placed betweeninvertedcommas and a commaappearsimmediatelybeforetheremark.

  3. ReportedSpeech Wegivetheexactmeaning of a remarkor a speech, butwithoutnecessarilyusingthespeaker’sexactwords. Ben said (that) he wasgoingto Oxford withhisparentsthefollowingday. Quotationmarksdisappear. Thereis no commaaftertheintroductoryverb (say/ask/tell…). Whenweturndirectspeechintoindirect, somechanges are usuallynecessary.

  4. CHANGES Whenwereport a statement, a questionorany othertype of sentence, thefollowingchangestake Place: 1. VERB TENSES 2. TIME EXPRESSIONS PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES OTHER CHANGES

  5. 1. VERB TENSESWhentheintroductoryverbis in thepast, theverb in directspeechchangesintothecorrespondingpast tense in reportedspeech. DIREC T SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH • Present Simple • PresentContinuous • PresentPerfect Simple • PresentPerfectContinuous • Past Simple • PastContinuous • PastPerfect Simple • PastPerfectContinuous • Future Simple • Past Simple • PastContinuous • PastPerfect Simple • PastPerfectContinuous • PastPerfect Simple • PastPerfect Cont. /No change • No change • No change • Conditional Simple

  6. MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH WILL SHALL MAY MUST CAN WOULD SHOULD MIGHT MUST/HAD TO COULD

  7. NOTE: COULD, MIGHT, WOULD, SHOULD remainunchanged in reportedspeech MUST remainsthesamewhenitexpressespossibilityordeduction. Whenitexpressesobligation, we can changeitinto MUST or HAD TO.

  8. 2. TIME EXPRESSIONS DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH • NOW • TODAY, TONIGHT • THIS WEEK/MONTH/YEAR • YESTERDAY • LAST NIGHT/WEEK… • TOMORROW • NEXT WEEK/MONTH… • TWO DAYS/MONTHS … AGO • THEN • THAT DAY, THAT NIGHT • THAT WEEK/MONTH/.. • THE DAY BEFORE • THE PREVIOUS NIGHT/WEEK • THE FOLLOWING DAY • THE FOLLOWING WEEK/… • TWO DAYS/MONTHS.. BEFORE

  9. 3. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Theychangeaccordingtothecontext ‘I willlendyouour car,’ Bill said. Bill said (that) he wouldlend me their car. ‘He has justarrived, ‘ I said. I toldthem he hadjustarrived. 4. OTHER CHANGES THIS/THESE THAT /THOSE HERE THERE COME GO

  10. A. STATEMENTSINTRODUCTORY VERBS SAY TELL • SAY + THAT ‘I havebeenworkingsincethismorning,’ shesaid. Shesaid (that) shehadbeenworkingsincethatmorning SAY + TO + OBJECT Shesaidto me thatshehadbeenworkingsincethatmorning • TELL + OBJECT ‘I havebeenworkingsincethismorning,’ shesaid. Shetold me thatshehadbeenworkingsincethatmorning.

  11. STRUCTURE SUBJECT + SAID + (TO+OBJ) + (THAT) + SUBJ. + VERB… SUBJECT + TOLD + OBJECT + (THAT) + SUBJ+ VERB… ‘I knowher,’ Richard said. Richard said (that) he knewher. ‘Theywillneverspeaktoyouagain,’ Rachel saidtoherhusband. Rachel saidtoherhusbandthattheywouldneverspeaktohimagain.

  12. B. QUESTIONS 1)INTRODUCTORY VERBS ASK, WANT TO KNOW, WONDER, INQUIRE 2) Thequestionmarkisomitted 3) Thewordorderisthesame as theone in a statement ‘Where do youlive? ‘ shesaid. Sheasked me where I lived. ‘Didshebuy a coat at the sales? ‘ Bruce said. Bruce askedthemifshehadbought a coat at the sales.

  13. B.1. WH- QUESTIONS STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + ASKED + OBJECT + WH – WORD + SUBJ + VERB +… ‘Howoldis he?’ he asked me. He asked me howold he was. ‘Wheredid he golastnight?’ Millysaid. Millyaskedthemwhere he hadgonethepreviousnight/ thenightbefore.

  14. B. 2. YES/NO QUESTIONS STRUCTURE: SUBJECT+ ASKED + OBJECT+ IF/WHETHER + SUBJECT + VERB … ‘Do youknowwhat time itis?’ hismothersaid. Hismotherwantedtoknowif he knewwhat time itwas ‘Do youwanttogoby air or sea?’ thetravelagentasked. Thetravelagentasked me whether I wantedtogoby air or sea Note: We use WHETHERwhen a choice has tobemadeorwhenthereis a conditionalsentence in thequestion.

  15. C. ORDERS AND COMMANDS INTRODUCTORY VERBS: TELL, ORDER, WARN STRUCTURE: (+) SUBJECT + TOLD/ORDERED + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE + …. ‘Be quiet!’ theteachersaid. Theteacherorderedthestudentstobequiet. (-) SUBJECT + TOLD/ORDERED + OBJECT + NOT TO + INFINITIVE ‘Don’t open thedoor,’ hismothersaid. Hismothertoldhimnotto open thedoor.

  16. D. SUGGESTIONS DIRECT SPEECH • ‘Let’shave lunch togethertomorrow,’ shesaid. • ‘Whydon’twehave lunch togethertomorrow,?’ shesaid. • ‘How/Whatabouthaving lunch togethertomorrow?’ shesaid. • ‘Shallwehave lunch togethertomorrow?’ shesaid.

  17. REPORTED SPEECH STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + SUGGESTED + VERB-ING Shesuggestedhaving lunch togetherthefollowingday. SUBJECT + SUGGESTED + SUBJECT 2 + SHOULD + BARE INFINITIVE Shesuggestedthattheyshouldhave lunch togetherthefollowingday.

  18. E. ADVICE DIRECT SPEECH ‘If I wereyou, I wouldgive up smoking, ‘ shesaidtothem. ‘Youhadbettergive up smoking,’ shesaidtothem. ‘Whydon’tyougive up smoking?’ shesaidtothem. ‘Youshould /oughttogive up smoking,’ shesaidtothem.

  19. REPORTED SPEECH STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + ADVISED + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE + … Sheadvisedthemtogive up smoking.

  20. F. OFFERS AND REQUESTS DIRECT SPEECH ‘Will /Can/Could/Wouldyouhelp me carrythese bags, please?’ shesaid. ‘Shall I helpyoucarrythese bags?’ he said. ‘Wouldyouliketogotothecinema?’ theysaid. REPORTED SPEECH STRUCTURE: SUBJ+ OFFERED/ASKED+ OBJECT + TO-INFINITIVE Sheasked me tohelphercarrythe bags. Sheofferedtocarrythe bags for me. Theyinvited me togotothecinema.

  21. REPORTING A DIALOGUE OR A CONVERSATION In conversationswe use a mixture of sentences (statements, questions, orders, suggestions….). Whenwe turnintoreportedspeech, we use AND, AS, ADDING THAT, AND HE /SHE ADDED THAT, EXPLAINING THAT, BECAUSE, BUT, SINCE, AND THEN HE/SHE WENT ON TO SAY, WHILE, THEN… Wordsorexpressionssuch as Oh, Oh dear, Well , etc are omitted in reportedspeech. We can also use thecorrespondingintroductoryverb in thepresentparticiple (-ing)

  22. EXAMPLE DIRECTSPEECH REPORTED SPEECH ‘Oh, thisis a verynicedress,’ she said. ‘Howmuchdoesitcost?’ ‘I can’tbuyit,’ shesaid. ‘I can’t affordit.’ ‘Shall I helpyou?’ he said. ‘We can workonittogether.’ Sheremarked/exclaimedthat thatwas a verynicedress and sheaskedhowmuchitcost. shesaidshecouldn’tbuyit, explainingthatshecouldn’t affordit. He offeredtohelp me, suggestingthatwecouldwork onittogether.

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