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Understanding Work, Energy, and Power in Physics: Concepts and Formulas

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17 diapositives · 576 Views · Aug 17, 2014

Explore the fundamental principles of work, energy, and power in physics. Learn how work is defined as the product of displacement and the force component acting in the direction of that displacement (W = F‖d). Discover kinetic and potential energy, their formulas, and the work-energy theorem. Understand the conservation of energy principle and how various forms of energy can transform but not be created or destroyed. This guide covers key concepts, types of energy, and units relevant to these topics, including practical problem-solving examples.

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  1. Work and Energy

  2. Work… …is the product of the magnitude of displacement times the component of force parallel to the displacement. W = F‖ d Units: N·m or Joules (J)

  3. F  d Work = Fd cos  • Consider a cratepulledacross a surface. Where… • Fistheappliedforce • disthedisplacement • θistheanglebetweentheforce and thedirection F‖ = Fcosθ

  4. Consider the same crate being pulled up an incline… Work = Fdcos • θ = ZERO in this situation!!! The force and the displacement are in the same direction F d

  5. Work • Net work in moving an object is independent of the path to get there. Same amount of work done More force needed Shorter distance traveled Less force needed Greater distance traveled

  6. Energy – What is it? • The ability to do work

  7. Types of Energy • Kinetic • Gravitational Potential • Elastic Potential • Heat • Light • Sound • Electrical • Chemical • Nuclear Mechanical Energy – energy associated with an object’s position or motion

  8. Consider a cart with an initial velocity vi and a net force acting on it through a distance d… vi vf Fnet Fnet d Wnet = Fnet d Remember F = ma = m(vf2 – vi2/2d) So… Wnet = m(vf2 – vi2/2d)d Wnet = m(vf2 – vi2/2) Wnet = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2

  9. Energy - Kinetic • Kinetic Energy is the energy that an object possesses due to its motion • If the mass of a body is m and its speed is v then its kinetic energy is given by KE= ½ mv2

  10. Work-Energy Theorem • W = ½ mvf2 – ½ mvi2 W = ΔKE • The net work done on an object (by a net force) is equal to a change in kinetic energy of the object

  11. Example problem -A 10.0 kg sled is initially moving across a frozen pond at a speed of 4.2 m/s. How far will it travel if the coefficient of friction between the sled and ice is 0.10?

  12. Energy - Potential • Potential Energy – the energy of an object due to its position, shape, or condition • An system acquires potential energy when work is done against another force

  13. Energy - Potential Gravitational Potential Energy • This is the energy of an object associated with its position in a gravitational field (work done against the force of gravity to put it there) GPE= mgh • m = mass of the object • h = height of object above some fixed position (the position is arbitrary) • g = the acceleration due to gravity

  14. Energy - Potential • Elastic Potential Energy • This is the energy that an object possesses due to its position of being stretched or deformed (work done against the elastic restoring force) • FOR A SPRING (or similar)… EPE= ½ k x2 • x = amount of stretch • k = the spring constant (a characteristic of the object being stretched)

  15. The Principle of Conservation of Energy • Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed, i.e. the total energy of a system is constant • Energy transformations occur when work is done

  16. Conservation of Energy • Since energy is conserved for a system, when we compare the total at two different points… Total E1 = Total E2 KE1 + GPE1 + EPE1 = KE2 + GPE2 + EPE2

  17. Power • Power is the rate of doing work or the rate at which energy is transferred. • P = W/t • Units: J/s = Watt • Alternate: P = W/t = Fd/t = Fv