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HEMATOLOGY

HEMATOLOGY. STRUCTURE. iNTRODUCTION. Adult’s body has 8-10 pints of blood on average A loss of more than 2 pints at one time leads to a serious condition How much blood is “taken” when you donate blood?. COMPOSITION. Blood is made of : Plasma

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HEMATOLOGY

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  1. HEMATOLOGY STRUCTURE

  2. iNTRODUCTION • Adult’s body has 8-10 pints of blood on average • A loss of more than 2 pints at one time leads to a serious condition • How much blood is “taken” when you donate blood?

  3. COMPOSITION • Blood is made of: • Plasma • Liquid portion of blood without its cellular elements • Serum • Name given to plasma after a blood clot is formed • Serum = plasma – (fibrinogen + prothrombin) • What are fibrinogen and prothrombin? (clue…look in your book!) • Cellular components • Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes • What are each?

  4. Cellular elements of blood (look at figure 12-1 pg 242 also)

  5. Blood plasma • Straw-colored • Comprising about 55% of the blood volume! • Contains 6 substances: • Water • Plasma proteins (all are formed in the liver) • Nutrients • Electrolytes • Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes • Metabolic waste products

  6. Realistic view of blood sample

  7. water • Makes up about 92% of the total plasma volume • Maintained by the kidneys and by water intake and output

  8. Plasma proteins • 3 proteins: • Fibrinogen • Necessary for blood clotting; without, a small cut or wound would bleed profusely • Serum albumin • Most abundant of all the plasma proteins • Helps to maintain the blood’s osmotic pressure and volume by providing “pulse pressure” needed to hold and pull water from the tissue fluid back into the vessels • Serum globulin • Also formed in the lymphatic system • Gamma globulin: helps in the making of antibodies • Prothrombin: helps blood coagulate • Vitamin K is necessary in aiding the process of prothrombin synthesis

  9. Nutrientselectrolytes • Absorbed from the digestive tract • Glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol, and amino acids are dissolved in the blood plasma • Most abundant are sodium chloride and potassium chloride • Come from foods and chemical processes occurring in the body

  10. Hormones, vitamins, enzymeswaste products • Found in very small amounts in the blood plasma • Generally help the body control its chemical reactions • All of the body’s cells are actively engaged in chemical reactions to maintain homeostasis • Waste products are formed and subsequently carried by the plasma to the various excretory organs • What are the excretory organs?

  11. Erythrocytes • Shape: biconcave discs, donut-shaped • Normal count ranges from 4.5-6.2 for men and 4.2-5.4 for women • Erythropoiesis: manufacture of RBCs • Vitamin B12 , folic acid, copper, cobalt, iron, and proteins are needed for production • Live for 120 days and broken down by the spleen and liver • Hemoglobin: breaks down into globin (protein) and heme (iron) • Provides the characteristic red color • Transports oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide away • Normal levels are 14-18 for men and 12-16 for women

  12. leukocytes • Larger than RBCs and granular or agranular • Normal count averages from 3,200-9,800 • Manufactured in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue • Body’s natural defense against injury and disease • 2 major groups of cells: • Granulocytes – live only a few days • Agranulocytes – live for a few days to several years

  13. granulocytes • Neutrophils • Phagocytize bacteria with lysosomal enzymes • Phagocytosis: process where WBCs surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria • Eosinophils • Phagocytize the remains of antibody-antigen reactions • Increase in great numbers in allergic conditions, malaria, and in parasite or worm infestations • Basophils • Activated during an allergic reaction or inflammation • Produce histamine and heparin • Histamine and heparin do what?

  14. agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • B-lymphocytes: made in bone marrow • T-lymphocytes: made in the thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen • Both help the body by making and releasing antibody molecules and by protecting against the formation of cancer cells • Monocytes • Formed in the bone marrow and spleen • Assist in phagocytosis and are able to leave the bloodstream and attach to tissues (where they become tissue macrophages or histiocytes) • Histiocytes help wall off and isolate infected areas

  15. To summarize leukocytes, they help to protect the body from injury and infection by: • Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria • Synthesis of antibody molecules • “cleaning up” of cellular remnants at the site of inflammation • Walling off of the infected area See tables 12-2 and 12-3 pg 245

  16. Thrombocytes(Blood platelets) • Smallest of the solid components of the blood • Not cells but fragments of the megakaryocytes (see figure 12-1 again) • Normal count ranges from 250,000 to 450,000 • Function in the initiation of the blood clotting process • When a cut or wound occurs, platelets are stimulated to produce sticky projecting structures, that create a “platelet plug” to stop the bleeding

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