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Emotion. By D. Ibtihal M.A. Ibrahim. Assistant Professor Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine- Mansoura University. Definition of emotion.
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Emotion By D. Ibtihal M.A. Ibrahim Assistant ProfessorPsychiatry Faculty of Medicine- Mansoura University
Definition of emotion • It is an agitated movement of some kind. And most of this “agitated movement” has to do with goals. You often feel joy and happiness, when you reach a goal. You often feel angry and frustrated, when you perceive a barrier between you and a goal. • And you may experience pain and depression, when you believe you cannot possibly get what you want or need.
Definition of emotion • According to biologically oriented psychologists, emotion is primarily a physical reaction that involves rather special parts of your nervous system. The purpose of emotions is to arouse body for some kind of specific action (such as fighting), or to depress physical responses, so that body can regain itself.
Definition of emotion • To other psychologists, emotion is primarily an intrapsychic experience that involves “inner feelings” rather than physiological reactions (for overt behaviors). • Other intrapsychic psychologists view feelings as being bipolar either “pleasant” or “unpleasant”. • Still other group of psychologists perceives emotions as being behavioral responses. They are concerned with fearful reactions, rather than fears, and of inactivity or unresponsiveness rather than depression.
Dimensions of Feelings: • Refers to the opposing polarity where the grades of feeling dimensions could be met with; examples:
Dimensions of emotion • Emotions are generally measured on the scale with two extremes on either side; it may also be referred as positive pole or negative pole.
Emotions Emotion is a moved or stirred up state of feeling of the organism. • Characteristics of the subjective experience of emotion: • Emotion is transitory; it tends to have a clear beginning and end, and a relatively short duration. Moods, by contrast, tend to last longer. • Emotional experience is either positive or negative. • Emotional experience is elicited partly by a cognitive appraisal of how a situation relates to your goals. • Emotional experience alters thought processes, often by directing attention toward some things and away from others. • Emotional experience elicits an action tendency, a motivation to behave in certain ways. • Emotional experiences are passions that happen to you, usually without willful intent.
Components of an Emotion • Emotional Experience: • It consists of the subjective feeling or awareness of certain emotions e.g., happiness, sadness, anger, etc. • This needs the integrity of cerebral cortex.
Components of an Emotion • Emotional Expression: • Internal changes occur involving the autonomic nervous system and hormones. • External changes occur involving facial expression, body language, eye language and artistic modes of expression. • As children grow, they learn an emotional culture - rules that govern what emotions are appropriate in what circumstances and what emotional expressions are allowed. • The same emotion may be communicated by different facial expressions in different cultures. • Social referencing; the process of letting another person’s emotional state guide our own behavior is called social referencing. This occurs especially in ambiguous situations.
Types of Emotions • There are three basic innate emotions: fear, rage and love. • McDougall (1908) listed seven primary emotions: fear, disgust, curiosity, anger, self abasement-subjective, self-assertion-elation and parental care-tenderness. • There are complex emotions such as admiration, envy and sentiments (e.g. love, hate, respect). Sentiments are regarded as habitual responses to an object, involving a persistent disposition to respond in a particular way.
Feeling tone • Karl Pribram has attempted to explain the concept of “feeling tone”. He believes that there are two types of positive affect: • There are also two types of negative affect or feeling tone, which are: Gratification Satisfaction Dissatisfaction Distress
Feeling tone • You experience “gratification”, whenever your needs are satisfied or your physiological drives are reduced. The feelings that accompany this gratification are relief, calmness, and tranquility. • “Satisfaction” goes beyond mere calmness, it occurs when you reduce your uncertainty about things. The feelings associated with satisfaction are those of delight, relish, joy, and exhilaration.
Arousal Level and Effectiveness of Performance: • At very low levels of arousal (for example, when one is just waking up), the nervous system may not be functioning fully and sensory messages may not get through. Performance is optimal at moderate levels of arousal. At high levels of arousal, performance begins to decline.
The Physiology of Emotions • Emotion has been viewed by some physiologists as primarily a biological event, and they tend to focus on arousal and depression. Emotional reactions are perceived by them as being one’s way of preparing to respond to some kind of physical or psychological challenge.
Sympathetic Nervous System • Your sympathetic nervous system consists of a group of 22 neural centers, lying on or close to your spinal cord. From these 22 centers, axonicfibers run to all parts of your body, to the salivary glands in your mouth, to the irises in your eyes, to your heart, lungs, liver, and stomach, and to your intestines and genitals. • Your sympathetic nervous system is also connected with your sweat glands, your hair cells, and with the tiny blood vessels near the surface of your skin.
Whenever you encounter an emergency yoursympathetic nervous system swings into action
The Adrenal Glands • These glands produce two chemicals that are referred to as the “arousal” hormones. Earlier, these two hormones were called as adrenalin and noradrenalin, now these are more commonly referred as “epinephrine” and “norepinephrine.” • When epinephrine and norepinephrine bring about all of the physiological changes associated with strong emotions such as fear, anger, hostility and sexual aggressiveness. • The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is under the control of sympathetic nervous system
The biology of emotion • Activity in the limbic system, especially the amygdala, is central to various aspects of emotion • Facial movements associated with emotions are governed by the extrapyramidal motor system, which depends on subcorticalareas. • The right hemisphere is activated during many displays of emotion - the experiencing of negative emotion, the perception of any emotion, and the facial expression of any emotion depend on the right hemisphere more than the left • The experiencing of positive emotion may depend on the left frontal cortex • After suffering damage to the right, but not the left, hemisphere, people no longer laugh at jokes, even though they can understand the words, the logic, and the punch lines.
General Adaptation Syndrome • Hans Selye (1976) outlined the three states that body seems to go through when its resources must be mobilized to meet situations of excessive physiological stress.
James-Lange Theory of Bodily Reactions • “feelings” are merely mental responses to the changes that have occurred in nervous system, muscles and glands. • You may think that when you saw the snake, you became frightened, and then ran. But according to James, this is not the case. For he presumes that your bodily reactions precede and thus cause your feelings. • According to this theory, we are afraid because we run; we do not run because we are afraid.
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Central Neural Processes: • Cannon believed that emotional inputs were processed almost simultaneously by two different parts of the brain, the thalamus and the hypothalamus; the thalamus controlled emotional feelings, while the hypothalamus controlled bodily responses. You would experience conscious “fear” of a snake, even if your body were totally paralysed because “fear” and “running” are mediated by different centresin your brain.
The Lasarus-Schachter Theory ofEmotional Arousal • Richard Lasarus (1984) advocated cognitive appraisal view, that emotional experience ‘grows out of ongoing transactions with the environment that are evaluated’. • According to Stanley Schachter(1971) the experience of emotion is the joint effect of the physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal. All arousal is assumed to be general and undifferentiated and it comes first in the emotion sequence. Cognition serves to determine how this ambiguous inner state will be labeled. This theory is also known as two factor theory of emotion.
Karl Lashley • He noted that people with damaged thalamusesstill experienced emotional feelings, and people with damaged hypothalamuses still showed emotional responses. • At about the same time, other scientists showed that both the limbic system and the right hemisphere were involved in mediating emotional feelings and behaviors.
Effects of Emotions • Effects on the Psyche: • Emotions influence other psychological functions implicitly or explicitly: • Influence the preparatory state for dealing with the environment. • Direct the attention towards certain objects and away of others. • Affect both perception as well as thinking. • Facilitate (within limits) or hinders learning and memory. • Considered as the fuel of motivation and creation. • Under Abnormal conditions: • Emotions may: • Reach a pathological functions e.g. abnormal emotion of sadness (depression) • Influence thinking causing difficulty and slowness • Minimize motivations as well.
Effects of Emotions • Effects on the Soma: • Emotions affect the bodily functions mainly through: • The sympathetic nervous system and, adrenal medulla gland. • The endocrinal system is directly related to emotional changes: • Thyroid is stimulated, the anterior and posterior pituitary (depends partly on the stress reaction which responsible for more liberation of (ACTH). Adrenaline and noradrenalin hormones are hormones of combat (fight and flight). • All the alterations in bodily functions could be understood though considering the requirements of a combating primitive bodily battle. • The activation of circulation (faster heart, contracted viscera and spleen, the better coagulation increased prothrombin level, the pale skin, subcutaneous vasoconstriction etc., the moist hands (sweating) could all be looked at as to facilitate fight component of the combat. • The ejaculation without erection, the more blood to skeletal muscle and the abortion of pregnant female are example of flight component of the combat.
