1. 11-3 The Rise of Segregation

2. Resistance and Repression • Sharecroppers – farmer who works land for an owner who provides equipment and seed and receives a share of the crop. • Largely consisted of American Americans living in the rural South and were always in debt. • Eventually left farming and sought jobs in Southern towns

3. “Exodusters” • Mass migration of thousands of African Americans from the rural South to Kansas. • Newspapers compared it to the Hebrews leaving Egypt, as “an Exodus” • They later became known as “Exodusters”.

4. The Colored Farmer’s National Alliance • While some African Americans left the South, others stayed and worked with the Farmers’ Alliance and ended up creating their own organization. • The CFNA worked towards helping its members economically by setting u p cooperatives. • Many CFNA members supported the People’s Party to challenge the Democratic power in the South.

5. 15th Amendment • This amendment prohibited states from denying citizens the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” • Found other loopholes • Property owners • Be literate

6. Disfranchising African Americans • Poll tax – a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote. ($2) • Grandfather clause – a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction began; an exception to a law based on preexisting circumstances.

7. Legalizing Segregation • Segregation – the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group • Jim Crow laws – statutes or laws created to enforce segregation • Lynching – an execution performed without lawful approval

8. Mary Church Terrell • Grew up with many advantages • Father was a son of a wealthy white man, one of the nations first African American millionaires • Spared no expense for his daughter’s education • Rather than staying in Europe where she studied, she came back “to promote the welfare of my race” • She taught at an African American high school in Washington, D.C. and became the first president of the National Association of Colored Women.

9. Plessy v. Ferguson • In 1892 Homer Plessy, an African American, challenged a Louisiana law that forced him to ride in a separate railroad car from whites. • Judge John H. Ferguson presided the trial and gave the ruling that the law was valid and the “separate but equal” doctrine was adopted.

10. Ida B. Wells • A young African American woman that launched a fearless crusade against lynching in 1892. • She reported in the Memphis Free Speech newspaper that three African American grocers had been lynched simply for successfully competing against white grocers. • She was driven out of town. • In 1895 she published a book denouncing mob violence against African Americans.

11. Booker T. Washington • An influential African American educator, striving for civil rights through education and vocation to have a longer-lasting effect. • Proposed that African Americans should concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than legal/political ones. • Gave a speech known as the Atlanta Compromise

12. Atlanta Compromise • Speech given by Booker T. Washington at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. • Given amid increasing acts of discrimination against African Americans. • Washington urged his fellow African Americans to concentrate on preparing themselves educationally and vocationally for full equality.

13. W. E. B. Du Bois • Washington’s speech sparked a strong response in Du Bois. • Leader of a new generation of African American activists born after the Civil War. • Author of The Souls of Black Folk • Du Bois wanted African Americans to demand their rights • Particularly voting rights

14. Du Bois Quote • “Negroes must insist continually, in season and out of season, that voting is necessary to proper manhood, that color discrimination is barbarism.”