Study on the goal of ecological rehabilitation and related management technology in Suzhou Creek YIN Haowen, LI Kang,

1. Study on the goal of ecological rehabilitation and related management technology in Suzhou Creek YIN Haowen, LI Kang, CHEN Xiaoqian Bioassay and safety assessment laboratory SAPM 2010/04 环境与职业医学国际研讨会·2010·都江堰

2. Set up a clear and operable management goal system for ecological rehabilitation, include short-time, medium-term and long term goal, in Suzhou Creek. All of these work is based on the research which was carried on between 1960’s and 2008 The object of the project

3. Research program Confirm with spatial background in eco-rehabilitation • Data collection (in situ test) • The character identification with spatial data sets Confirm with temporal background in eco-rehabilitation • Analysis of historic data (from 1960’s) • The verification of historic dada (in situ test) • Finding out the key population concerned ecological rehabilitation at background lever

4. Research program The stages of ecological rehabilitation in the creek • Ecological characters in different stage • How to assess these characters? Rehabilitation goal and partitional principles • Fish community and it’s quantitative study • Microbe population indicator • The standardization with working method for monitoring and assessing

5. The partitional system with ecological rehabilitation in Suzhou Creek

6. Partitional system -- ceocolog part 1 excellent —— Comparable to the best situations without human disturbance; all regional expected species for habitat and stream size, including the most intolerant forms, are present with a full of array of age(size) classes; balanced trophic structure. Class 1 good ——The values of the biological quality elements for the surface water body type show low levels of distortion resulting from human activity, but deviate only slightly from those normally associated with the surface water body type under undisturbed conditions. Class 2 fair ——The values of the biological quality elements for the surface water body type deviate moderately from those normally associated with the surface water body type under undisturbed conditions. The values show moderate signs of distortion resulting from human activity and are significantly more disturbed than under conditions of good status. Class 3

7. Partitional system -- ceocolog part 2 poor —— Waters showing evidence of major alterations to the values of the biological quality elements for the surface water body type and in which the relevant biological communities deviate substantially from those normally associated with the surface water body type under undisturbed conditions, shall be classified as poor. Class 4 bad —— Waters showing evidence of severe alterations to the values of the biological quality elements for the surface water body type and in which large portions of the relevant biological communities normally associated with the surface water body type under undisturbed conditions are absent, shall be classified as bad. Class 5

8. The general principals in assessing the course of ecological rehabilitation in Suzhou Creek • integrity structure and function • self-purification

9. Parameters of assessment composition of living things microbe self-purification Hydromorphological elements Physical and chemical index pollutant scoring each parameter and use the worst rating method to assess the ecological situation of water body.

10. What kind of criteria used in constructing of eco-assessment system? scientificity— combining real eco-condition of the creek with current evaluation method in EU and USA to set up eco-rehabilitation assessment system of Suzhou Creek operability— current local technology lever should support such a advanced system openness— this eco-rehabilitation assessment system is an opening profile, the parameter and new technology will be added as the situation of eco-rehabilitation of creek is developing

11. Composition of aquatic living things hydrophyte benthic invertebrates fish — integrity Why should we choose fish? fish is on the top of food chain of creek ecosystem It’s change is influenced by habitate, including physical,chemical and biological condition Compared with other methods, fish taxology relatively suitable (local ability) A highlight of public concern

12. microbe Fecal bacteria eco-type of bacteria bacteria toxicity thefingerprint of microbe community

13. Self-purification the lag phase the ability of inherent biodegradation of creek water （following referred to as “self-purification”）

14. Evaluation results of Suzhou creek in 2008 Fish — number of species is low and the trophic structure is not integrity seriously Microbe — heavy Fecal pollution and moderate eutrophication self-purification — this kind of ability is decrease in recent years less submerged plant, less invertebrates species and no macrophyta partitional class is 4 (poor)

15. The goal of eco-rehabilitation in Suzhou Creek Short-term — total number of fish will be increased and the invertivore increase in the proportion of individual；fecal bacteria reach the recreational water standard class C which is suggested by WHO；have a stable value on self-purification。 Medium-term — more fish species occurrence in the creek and set up a Reasonable trophic structure in community. Intolerant fish species occurrence; fecal bacteria reach the recreational water standard class B which is suggested by WHO, the assessment result of fecal pollution reach medium lever; ability of self-purification increas. long-term — the habitate of intolerant fish species will be set up and fish community constituted by various age population; fecal bacteria reach the recreational water standard class A which is suggested by WHO, the assessment result of fecal pollution reach good lever；less heterotrophic bacteria and self-purification ability will be moderate.

16. Parameters assessment in eco-rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek

17. fish communities survey

18. Fish composition and classing Excellent——comparable to pristine conditions, exceptional assemblage of species，balanced trophic structure. Good——decreased species richness, intolerant species in particular. Fair——fair intolerant and sensitive species absent; skewed trophic structure,increasing frequency of omnivores and tolerant species. Poor——top carnivores and many expected species absent or rare; omnivores and tolerant species dominant. Very poor——few species and individuals present; tolerant species and exotics dominant; diseased fish frequent.

19. Assessment method Speciese compositiom, Dominant species analysis. Biodiversity. Composition of fish communities and it’s integrity assess. IBI — index of biotic integrity

20. Data collection historical data the data of 1960’s-1980’s are from Shanghai Museum (whole creek)；B. C. Zhou,2001(whole creek)；X.H. Chen,2006(two section) historical data are very valuables and import, we get the baseline of fish communities from these data set. Data validation in situ (sampling of whole creek in Oct.2008)

21. Sampling map SS1：BH；SS2：HD；SS3：HC；SS4：北BXJ；SS5：WNL；SS6：ZJL

22. Distribution of biomass

23. Community character of each section BH — get the maximum value in biomass and number of individuals, these species should be consided as native species. BXJ — this is a intersection (suzhou creek and Mudu creek), so have more species but less individuals compared with upstream. The habitate is not suitable to crap, catfish and bream, because of no aquatic weed. WNL — less species with fish and the lowest biomass in whole creek. There are mosquito fish, Loach and Hemiculter bleekeri in this section ZJL — most of species in here are not native except mosquito fish, loach and snakehead. Those are typicaltolerant fish species and other species, such as crucian carp, bighead, are from Huangpu River.

24. Population distribution of fish assemblage(order) 5 orders,7 families and total of 19 species Cypriniformes (14) Siluriformes (2) Cyprinodontiformes (1) Mugilliformes (1) Perciformes (1)

25. Species distribution in the creek Some of species are occurenced in the whole creek, such as crucian carp, Pseudobrama simony, Pseudorasbora parva and Hemiculter leucisculus. Carp, bream and Culter dabryi, as large species, are living in the upstream(rural area) mosquito fish, loach and Hemiculter bleekeri, as small specie, are occurrence in the downstream(urban area)

26. feeding habits The structure of food chian is very simple and vulnerable. Primary and secondary consumer are main component, and few of the species preyed on fish and shrimp In primary consumer, most of them eat algae and debris, few of herbivore. The feeding structure is more simple in downstream, most of species are zooplankivores and detritivores (larva of insect).

27. Hemiculterleucisculus This is a dominant species in the creek. It occurrence at BXJ and upstream.

28. Pseudobramasimony It is also a dominant species, but occurence in the whole creek. It is omnivorous, pelagics, pollution-tolerant and native.

29. Vulnerable structure of Pseudobramasimony population

30. The spatial change of fish assemblage • There are a clear increase with specise at BXJ in 2008, such as carp and bream. • only 9 individuals of Pseudobrama simony were captured in 2001 and all of them are living in the upper course (over HC), but in 2008, it is occurenced in the whole creek. It is dominant species

31. The temporal change of fish assemblage The total catch of upper cause in 2008 is much lower than those in 2001. Lost specise Cyprinidae:gobioninae 鮈亚科 acheilognathinae 鳑鲏亚科 These species were catched little in 2001 (not above 5 individuals)

32. IBI Excellent 53--55 Good 43--47 Fair 35--39 Poor 23--29 Very poor 11--17

33. Integrity class of Suzhou creek

34. Rehabilitation of fish assemblage Short-term — species increase, especially pollution-tolerant and sensitive species. the invertivore increase in the proportion of individual. Medium-term — more fish species occurrence in the creek. The sensetive species occurrence and set up a Reasonable trophic structure in community (Omnivorous and pollution-tolerant species decrease).Prey species occurrence. long-term — fish population constituted by various age individuals.

35. The fish community is influenced by river bank seriously The native fish species is from Tai river basin. Most of them are small size and suitable to habitate which is low flow and plentiful weed. The concrete bank are builted both of side in the creek and flow rush the bank with tide. No any fish “shelter” in most of river reach. The fish got in ZJL are all under concrete column of abandoned pier. mosquito fish often hide in the recess of bank in which the flow is slow. This is the one of reason for Pseudobrama simony to be a Dominant in Suzhou Creek.

36. The fish community is influenced by river bank Seriously HD，Terrestrial vegetation zones couldn’t reach water body BH，there are few fish in new landscape

37. The fish community is influenced by river bank Seriously WNL, concrete river bank and flow with waves rapidly. Fish couldn’t stay here ZJL, The fish got in ZJL are all under concrete column of abandoned pier.

38. The fish community is influenced by river bank Seriously BH, shallows and weeds; quantity of fish.

39. Summary Fish community is useful tool to indicator the course of eco-rehabilitation. It is effective to assess different stage of rehabilitation by IBI in Suzhou Creek. The planning and action of periodical ecological monitoring must be organized by authorities. Monitoring method should be standard and keeping data available. Based on periodical monitoring, some ecological intervention can be conducted in a timely manner to keeping the right direction of eco-rehabilitation at Suzhou Creek.

40. The status of micro-organisms in the eco-rehabitation of Suzhou Creek

41. Indicator1 - fecal bacteria • For the class 2 contact, the demand of environmental protection and landscape, water quality limited to fecal coliform as 1000cfu/ml, enterococci as 1000cfu/100ml • Based on WHO microbiological safety evaluation, the upper reaches of the Suzhou Creek is belong to class C (5-10% risk of acute gastroenteritis ,1.9-3.9% acute febrile respiratory disease), downstream is class D (10% of the gastroenteritis risk, 3.9% acute febrile respiratory disease). • Based on WHO Fecal pollution class, it’s belong to poor and very poor. So the water in Suzhou river can not be contacted with human body. • Now the ongoing recreational activities, such as dragon boat races on Suzhou Creek, is not full-body contact, but still a near water contact, so there is a real risk on gastro-intestinal diseases if someone make such activities in Suzhou Creek.

42. WHO microbial indicators of recreational water

43. The People's Republic of China National Standard - Landscape recreational water quality standards Approved by the State Environmental Protection Agency 1991-03-18 implemented by 1992-02-01 Table 1 Landscape recreational water quality standards

44. Goals • Short-term: • Enterococci and other fecal bacteria indicators in line with WHO microbiological quality of class C. • Upstream and downstream of fecal pollution in the same category. • Medium-term: • Enterococci and other fecal indicators reach the calss B of fine standards. • Fecal pollution of the river-wide classification to achieve "moderate" level. • Long-term: • Enterococci and other fecal indicators reach class A of standards. • Fecal pollution of the river-wide achieve "good" level.

45. Indicator2 - functional bacterial population • functional bacteria: heterotrophic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and autotrophic bacteria are the best indicators for environmental changes in Suzhou Creek. • The relationship about heterotrophic bacteria and eutrophication is in the table below: • Now, Suzhou river belong to meso-saprobic water.

46. Goals • Short-term • The total number of heterotrophic bacteria decreased to between 103~104 • Middle-term • The total number of heterotrophic bacteria decreased to between 102~103 • Long-term • The total number of heterotrophic bacteria decreased to 150 below

47. Bacteria instructions of river pollution classification

48. Several current indicator of microbe in water quality assessment

49. E.coli and Enterococcus of BXJ following are higher than the upper, Beixinjing is particularly prominent.Monitoring show that there are some uncontrolled pathogenic sources in the creek. E. coli, enterococcus in Suzhou Creek is not only far exceeds the number set by WHO and the USEPA recreational water limits(the minimum required for boating, fishing function), but also not reached the chinese standards.

50. fecal bacteria in the creek