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Bryman & Bell, Business Research Methods , 2 nd edition, Chapter 2

Bryman & Bell, Business Research Methods , 2 nd edition, Chapter 2. Research design. ‘Research methods can be and are associated with different kinds of research design’. Research Designs and Methods.

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Bryman & Bell, Business Research Methods , 2 nd edition, Chapter 2

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  1. Bryman & Bell, Business Research Methods, 2nd edition, Chapter 2 Research design ‘Research methods can be and are associated with different kinds of research design’. Authored by David McHugh

  2. Research Designs and Methods • A Research Design provides a framework for the collection and analysis of data. Choice of research design reflects decisions about priorities given to the dimensions of the research process. see Key concept 2.1 • A Research Method is simply a procedure for collecting data. Choice of research method reflects decisions about the type of instruments or techniques to be used. see Key concept 2.2 Authored by David McHugh

  3. Criteria in Social Research • Reliability – are measures consistent? • Replication/replicability– is study repeatable? • Validity – are conclusions well-founded? Authored by David McHugh

  4. Types of Validity • Measurement (or construct) validity – do measures reflect concepts? • Internal validity – are causal relations between variables real? • External validity – can results be generalized beyond the research setting? • Ecological validity – are findings applicable to natural settings? see Research in focus 2.5 Authored by David McHugh

  5. Alternative Criteria in Qualitative Research • Credibility, parallels internal validity - i.e. how believable are the findings? • Transferability, parallels external validity - i.e. do the findings apply to other contexts? • Dependability, parallels reliability - i.e. are the findings likely to apply at other times? • Confirmability, parallels objectivity - i.e. has the investigator allowed his or her values to intrude to a high degree? Trustworthiness (Lincoln and Guba (1985) : Relevance (Hammersley 1992): • Importanceof a topic in its field • Contribution to the literature in that field See Chapter 16 Authored by David McHugh

  6. Research Questions Research questions: • guide your literature search • guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ • guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom • guide your analysis of your data • guide your writing up of your data • stop you from going off in unnecessary directions and tangents Authored by David McHugh

  7. Sources ofResearch Questions • Personal interest/experience • Theory • The research literature • Puzzles • New developments in society • Social problems Authored by David McHugh

  8. Steps in Selecting Research Questions • Select research area (e.g. TQM) • Select aspect of research area (e.g. Impact of TQM on work) • Generate research questions (see Fig. 3.2) • Select research questions (see Fig. 3.2) Fig. 3.2 Authored by David McHugh

  9. Constraints on Research Questions · We cannot answer all the research questions that occur to us · We therefore have to select from the possible research questions that we arrive at · We should be guided by the principle that the research questions we choose should be related to one another Tips and skills p.87 & Research in focus 3.2 Authored by David McHugh

  10. Types of Research Design 1. Experimental 2. Cross-sectional 3. Longitudinal 4. Case study 5. Comparative Authored by David McHugh

  11. Quantitative Typical form: Most researchers using an experimental design employ quantitative comparisons between experimental and control groups with regard to the dependent variable. Qualitative No typical form: The Hawthorne experiments provide an example of experimental research design that gradually moved away from the ‘test room method’ towards the use of more qualitative methods. Experimental Design see Table 2.1 Authored by David McHugh

  12. Classical Experimental Design T18 months T2 Obs1 experimental Obs2 experimental treatment group Random Assignment Obs3 no Obs4 control experimental group treatment Authored by David McHugh

  13. Threats to Internal Validity • History • Testing • Instrumentation • Mortality • Maturation • Selection • Ambiguity about the direction of causal influence Based on Campbell (1957) and Cook and Campbell (1979) Authored by David McHugh

  14. Threats to External Validity 1. Interaction of selection and treatment 2. Interaction of setting and treatment 3. Interaction of history and treatment 4. Interaction effects of pretesting 5. Reactive effects of experimental arrangements Based on Campbell (1957) and Cook and Campbell (1979) Authored by David McHugh

  15. Quantitative Typical form: Social survey research or structured observation on a sample at a single point in time. Can also include content analysis on a sample of documents. Qualitative Typical form: Qualitative interviews or focus groups at a single point in time Can also be based upon qualitative content analysis of a set of documents relating to a single period. Cross-sectional Design see Table 2.1 Authored by David McHugh

  16. A Cross-sectional Design T1 Obs1 Obs2 Obs3 Obs4 Obs5 … Obsn Fig 2.2 Authored by David McHugh

  17. The Data Rectangle in Cross-sectional Research Fig 2.3 Authored by David McHugh

  18. Quantitative Typical form: Social survey research on a sample on more than one occasion or content analysis of documents relating to different time periods. Qualitative Typical form: Ethnographic research over a long period, qualitative interviewing on more than one occasion, or qualitative content analysis of documents relating to different time periods. Longitudinal Design see Table 2.1 Authored by David McHugh

  19. The Longitudinal Design T1 … tn Obs1 obs1 Obs2 obs2 Obs3 obs3 Obs4 obs4 Obs5 obs5 … … Obsnobsn Fig 2.4 Authored by David McHugh

  20. Quantitative Typical form: Social survey research on a single case with a view to revealing important features about its nature. Qualitative Typical form: The intensive study by ethnography or qualitative interviewing of a single case, which may be an organization, or an individual. Case study Design see Table 2.1 Authored by David McHugh

  21. Types of case • A case can be about: • A single organization • A single location • A person • A single event • Yin’s (1984) case typology: • The critical case • The unique (or extreme) case • The revelatory case Authored by David McHugh

  22. Quantitative Typical form: Social survey research in which there is a direct comparison between two or more cases, as in cross‑cultural research. Qualitative Typical form: Ethnographic or qualitative interview research on two or more cases. Comparative Design see Table 2.1 Authored by David McHugh

  23. A Comparative Design Case 1 T1 Obs1 Obs2 Obs3 Obs4 Obs5 … Obsn Obs1 Obs2 Obs3 Case n Obs4 Obs5 … Obsn Fig 2.5 Authored by David McHugh

  24. Level of Analysis • Individual; e.g. manager or employee • Departmentorwork group • Organization; e.g. structure or culture • Marketorsocietal context in which organizations are located Authored by David McHugh

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