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Prepared by: Trace Griffiths Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University

ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: Image Sensors. Prepared by: Trace Griffiths Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University E: t.griff@aggiemail.usu.edu T: ( 801)785-6253. 3/11/2010. Outline. Reference list

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Prepared by: Trace Griffiths Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University

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  1. ECE5320 MechatronicsAssignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: Image Sensors Prepared by: Trace Griffiths Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University E: t.griff@aggiemail.usu.edu T: (801)785-6253 3/11/2010

  2. Outline • Reference list • To probe further • Major applications • Basic working principle illustrated • A typical sample configuration in application • Major specifications • Limitations • Kadak CCD example ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  3. Reference list • http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/digitalimaging/ccdintro.html • http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-sensors.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor • http://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/business/ISS/datasheet/fullframe/KAF-50100LongSpec.pdf • http://www.dalsa.com/public/corp/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMOS_Litwiller.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  4. To explore further • http://www.andor.com/learning/digital_cameras/ • Burt, D.J. "Basic Operation of the Charge Coupled Device". International Conference on Technology and Applications of Charge Coupled Devices. September 1974. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Centre for Industrial Consultancy and Liaison, 1974. • Hobson, G.S. Charge-Transfer Devices. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1978. • McCreary, Michael D. "Digital Cameras". Scientific American. June 1998 ed. • Weisner, David E. "Charged-Coupled Devices". McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 7th ed. McGraw Hill Inc.: New York, 1992. • Zorpette, Glenn. "Seeing the Light: CMOS Image Sensors Are Poised to Take on CCDs". Scientific American. May 1998 ed. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  5. Major applications Digital Cameras used in: • PDA’s • Thermal Imaging • Fax Machines • X-rays • Astronomy • Medical Imaging • Optical Microscopy ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  6. Introduction Image sensors consist of a light sensitive sensor that converts light to a voltage signal. These voltage signals, produced by thousands of image sensors laid in a tight grid, are interpreted as a digital image. Two methods for turning light to a voltage signal include Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and CMOS Active Pixel sensors. CCD is an older technology that is the most common method found in digital cameras ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  7. Basic Working Principle CCD Example http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/digitalimaging/ccdintro.html ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  8. Basic Working Principle CMOS Example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aps_pd_pixel_schematic.svg ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  9. Basic Working Principle Bayer Array: 4 sensors, each with a color filter, are used to create each image pixel http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-sensors.htm ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  10. Basic Working Principle Demosaicing: The four sensors comprising each image pixel must be combined to create one color representation http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-sensors.htm ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  11. Basic Working Principle Other sensor orientations include: In these orientations all of the sensors shown are used for each pixel of an image. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kodak_RGBW_patterns.svg ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  12. Sample Configuration Bayer Array: Sensors are lined up in a grid with electronics connected to interpret the voltages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  13. Sample Configuration Digicam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccd-sensor.jpg ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  14. Sample Configuration Hewlett Packard http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/2.1_MP_CCD_Close_Up.JPG ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  15. Sample Configuration Nikon Coolpix camera CCD http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Image_sensor_and_motherbord_nikon_coolpix_l2.JPG ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  16. Sample Configuration CMOS image sensor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matrixw.jpg ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  17. Major Specifications • Dynamic Range • Signal-to-noise ratio • Low-light sensitivity • Spatial Resolution • Frame Rate ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  18. Limitations • Size • Speed • Cost • Aspect Ratio ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  19. CCD vs CMOS Applications CCD: digital photography, broadcast television, most scientific and medicinal applications. CMOS: security cameras, PC videoconferencing, PDAs, bar-code scanners, fax machines, and consumer scanners. http://www.dalsa.com/public/corp/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMOS_Litwiller.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  20. Example Kodak Full Frame CCD Image Sensor KAF-50100 • Pixel Size: 6um • Number of Pixels: 50M • Aspect Ratio: 4:3 • Frame Rate: 1/sec • Data Rate: 18 MHz • Dynamic Rage: 70.2 dB • Read Noise: 12.5e http://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/business/ISS/datasheet/fullframe/KAF-50100LongSpec.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  21. Example http://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/business/ISS/datasheet/fullframe/KAF-50100LongSpec.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  22. Example Output Architecture http://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/business/ISS/datasheet/fullframe/KAF-50100LongSpec.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  23. Example http://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/business/ISS/datasheet/fullframe/KAF-50100LongSpec.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  24. Example http://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/business/ISS/datasheet/fullframe/KAF-50100LongSpec.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  25. Example http://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/business/ISS/datasheet/fullframe/KAF-50100LongSpec.pdf ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

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