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Argentina

Argentina. República Argentina. Geography. Capital is Buenos Aires Second biggest country in South America and eighth largest in the world Area- 1,078,000  sq  mi between the Andes in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east and south.

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Argentina

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  1. Argentina República Argentina

  2. Geography • Capital is Buenos Aires • Second biggest country in South America and eighth largest in the world • Area- 1,078,000 sq mi between the Andes in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. • bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south • divided into twenty-three provinces • Aconcagua (22,834 feet), is the highest mountain in the Americas, the Southern and Western Hemisphere • lowest point is Laguna del Carbón in Santa Cruz (−344 ft) below sea level- lowest point in South America

  3. Four Main Regions • fertile plains of the Pampas in the center of the country, the source of agricultural wealth • oil-rich plateau of Patagonia in the southern half • subtropical flats of the Gran Chaco in the north • Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile

  4. Climate • Temperate with extremes ranging from subtropical in the north to subpolar in the far south • North- very hot, humid summers with mild drier winters, periodic droughts • Central region- hot summers with thunderstorms (hail), and cool winters • South- warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall (especially in mountains)

  5. Flora • Ceibo- national flower • North- subtropical plants • Pampa- few plants; ombú, an evergreen • Northwest-cacti

  6. Fauna • mammels- jaguar, cougar, ocelot, howler monkey, tapir, capybara, anteater, ferret, raccoon • Birds- hummingbirds, flamingos, toucans, parrots, hornero (national bird) • Sea life- dolphins, orcas,whales • Snakes- boa constrictors, yacará pit viper, South American rattle snake • Reptiles, etc- Crocodiles, turtles

  7. History • 1480- the Inca Empire (Emperor Pachacutec) launched an offensive and conquered northwestern Argentina • Collasuyu • In the northeast, the Guaraní developed a culture based on yuca and sweet potato • Central and southern areas (Pampas and Patagonia)- nomads

  8. History: Spain • 1516- first Spanish conquistadors discovered the Río de la Plata • named the estuary Mar Dulce (fresh water sea) • Natives gave gifts of silver to the survivors of the shipwrecked expedition (led by Juan Díaz de Solís • Established colony in Buenos Aires area • RuyDíaz de Guzmán named the territory Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver) • latin word for silver-- argentums

  9. History: Independence • Spanish immigrants and their descendants (criollos) • Afro-Argentines(descendents of slaves) • Indigenous peoples • May 25, 1810, after the overthrow of King Ferdinand VII by Napoleon, citizens of Buenos Aires created the First Government Junta (May Revolution) • Formal independence from Spain was declared on July 9, 1816

  10. History: Self-Rule • 1817- General José de San Martín crossed the Andes to free Chile and Peru, eliminating the Spanish threat • Centralist and federalist groups were in conflict until national unity was established and the constitution written (1853) • 1880-1945: prosperity and prominence • became one of the 10 richest countries in the world • Conservatives dominated until 1916, when the Radicals won control of the government • The military forced Radicals from power in 1930, leading to another decade of Conservative rule

  11. History: Juan Perón • Political change led to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946 • working class- unionized workers • Eva Perón • Lost presidency during RevoluciónLibertadora of 1955 • 1950s-1970s: govt. changed often • economy grew strongly and poverty declined • political violence continued • 1973- Perón returned to the presidency, but he died within a year of assuming power • his wife Isabel, the Vice President, succeeded him in office, but a military coup in 1976 removed her from office

  12. History: The Dirty War • 1976-1983: armed forces took power through a junta (National Reorganization Process) • military government repressed opposition and leftist groups using harsh illegal measures • thousands of dissidents disappeared • greatly increased the national debt • economic problems, corruption, public revulsion, human rights abuses • 1982- defeat by the British in the Falklands War

  13. History: Democracy • Democracy was restored in 1983 • Raúl Alfonsín- Radical government • Prosecuted leaders of junta • Attempted to resolve the issue of the “disappeared” • Failure to turn around the economic depression and debt

  14. Government • En unión y libertad • Federal Presidential Representative Democratic Republic • President - both head of state and head of government • Néstor Kirchner 

  15. Separation of Powers • Executivepower resides in the President and his cabinet • President and Vice President are directly elected to four-year terms, limited to two consecutive terms, and the cabinet ministers are appointed by the president • Legislative power is given to a bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Nación), consisting of a Senate (Senado) of seventy-two seats, and a Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) of 257 members • A third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women • Argentine Supreme Court of Justice- seven members who are appointed by the President in consultation with the Senate

  16. International Affairs • The only country from Latin America to participate in the Gulf War under mandate of the UN • Anti-U.S. protests, emphasizing Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay) as its first international priority • Armed forces are controlled by the Defense Ministry • President is Commander-in-Chief • one of the best equipped in the region • Army, Navy, and Air Force

  17. Economy • 1970s the country piled up public debt, high inflation, depreciated worth of the peso • 1998 a period of profound economic recession began • By the end of 2002 the economy began to stabilize- careful spending control and heavy taxes on then-soaring exports allowed the state to regain resources and conduct monetary policy • 2003- NéstorKirchner elected president • paid off outstanding debts with the International Monetary Fund and nationalized some previously privatized enterprises • Period of high economic growth and political stability- an improvement in the situation of the poorer sectors and a strong rebound of the middle class

  18. Natural Resources • Soy and vegetable oils • Wheat, corn, oats, sorghum, and sunflower seeds • Cattle (beef, dairy, leather) • Sheep(wool), pigs • The world's fifth-largest wine producer • Industrial petrochemicals, oil, natural gas, coal, metals

  19. Industry • Telecommunications- cell phones, internet • Tourism

  20. Demographics • Population- 40,301,927  • Mostly European descent (85-97%)- Spaniards, Italians • Portuguese, Germans, French, Poles, Ashkenazi Jews • 1990s- immigrants from Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru • Large Arab community- immigrants from Syria and Lebanon (most are Christian) • Illegal immigration-Bolivia and Paraguay • launched a program called Patria Grande ("Greater Homeland"),to encourage illegal immigrants to regularize their status • Highly urbanized- 3.53 million people live in Buenos Aires • Official language is Spanish-"Castellano"

  21. Religion • 93% Roman Catholic • Protestants present in most communities. • Mormons- the seventh-largest concentration in the world • Largest Jewish population in all of Latin America (2%) • Muslims (1.5%), mostly Sunni

  22. Education • After independence, constructed a national public education • literacy rate of 97.5% • School attendance is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 17 • English is the most common languages taught at school

  23. Sports • Futbol (soccer)- most popular sport • national team won FIFA World Cup twice • The Open Polo Championship of Buenos Aires • Rugby • The official national sport of the country is pato, played on horseback

  24. The Arts • world-renowned literature- Jorge Luis Borges • major producer of motion pictures- world's first animated feature films- 1917 and 1918 • The Motorcycle Diaries (Diarios de motocicleta) • Tango- dance focused music, (1930 to mid-1950s) • neo-tango (Gotan Project)

  25. Technology • René Favaloro developed the techniques and performed the world's first ever coronary bypass surgery • Francisco de Pedro invented a more reliable artificial cardiac pacemaker • Luis Agote performed one of the first two blood transfusions with pre-stored blood • RaúlPateras de Pescara demonstrated the world's first flight of a helicopter • Satellite, the PEHUENSAT-1was successfully launched on January 10, 2007

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