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Nutrition

Nutrition. Child & Adolescent Nutrition. Differs from adult nutrition. Infancy needs Toddlers Adolescents. (Story & Stang, 2005). Nutritional Needs. Iron is important From toddlers to teenagers Special dietary needs for teenagers: This is a time of growth spurts 20% of adult height

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Nutrition

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  1. Nutrition

  2. Child & Adolescent Nutrition • Differs from adult nutrition. • Infancy needs • Toddlers • Adolescents

  3. (Story & Stang, 2005)

  4. Nutritional Needs • Iron is important • From toddlers to teenagers • Special dietary needs for teenagers: • This is a time of growth spurts • 20% of adult height • 50% of adult weight

  5. Iron Deficiency & Anemia • What is anemia? • Symptoms: • Fatigue / weakness • Pale skin • Rapid heartbeat • Irritability • Decreased appetite • Dizziness / Lightheadedness

  6. Preventing Anemia • Foods rich in iron • Red meat, tuna, salmon, eggs, enriched grains, leafy green vegetables, fortified foods • May need a supplement • Recommended amounts: • 7-10 mg/day for children 1-12 years old • 11 mg/day for adolescent boys; 15 mg/day for girls

  7. Teenagers and Calcium • Teenagers need calcium to build strong bones • Calcium is also important for muscle contractions • The osteoporosis connection… • Why talk about this in a child & adolescent health class??

  8. Osteoporosis • 1 of every 2 American women will get osteoporosis after the age of 65. • Why worry about teenagers? • Less than half of teenagers get enough calcium in their diet. • For girls – about 15% get enough calcium. • The teenage years are the time to build strong bones

  9. Soda consumption & Osteoporosis • Girls who drank soft drinks: 3x more likely to have a bone fracture • Physically active girls: 5x more likely to have a bone fracture • Why? • Phosphoric acid • Less calcium consumption • Source: Harvard School of Public Health

  10. Who is at risk? • Those who do not get enough calcium • Females • Those with high soft drink consumption • Those who do not exercise • Caucasians and Asians • Family history • Smoking • Alcohol

  11. Prevention • Eating calcium-rich foods • Dairy products, calcium-fortified orange juice, leafy green vegetables, canned salmon or tuna • May need a calcium supplement • Weight-bearing exercises • Limit soft drink consumption • Don’t smoke • Notice anything about this list?

  12. “Selling” it to teenagers • Make it beneficial in the short term • May need to relate it to body image • “Calcium will help you grow taller” • “Do you know those older people that are stooped over?” • Low-fat, non-fat alternatives for those worried about gaining weight.

  13. Eating Disorders

  14. Teenagers & Dieting • Over ½ of teenage girls and 1/3 of teen boys use unhealthy weight control behaviors. • (Neumark-Sztainer, 2005) • These behaviors include: • Skipping meals • Fasting • Smoking cigarettes to control weight • Vomiting • Taking laxatives

  15. Teens & Body Image • 50-88% of adolescent girls feel negatively about their body size and shape. • Over 1/3 of males think their current size is too small. • Puberty can amplify body image concerns. • (Croll, 2005)

  16. The Female Athlete Triad • What is it? • Disordered eating • Bone loss • Amenorrhea • Who is at risk? • Consequences?

  17. Teenagers & Eating Disorders • Approximately 11 million Americans suffer from an eating disorder. (EDC, 2010) • 50-80% of risk is determined by genetics. (ECD, 2010) • Three classes: • Anorexia Nervosa • Bulimia Nervosa • Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) • Includes Binge Eating Disorder

  18. Eating Disorders & Media • Tweens & Teens are more likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies after watching media. • Movies & Television shows often have characters comment on appearance/weight. • Advertisements often use an appeal to beauty to sell the product. • National Institute on Media and the Family

  19. Anorexia Nervosa • Self-starvation • Essential nutrients are denied (no or little food) so the body slows down all normal processes to conserve energy. • Health consequences • Low blood pressure / heart rate • Muscle loss / weakness • Dehydration • Fainting / fatigue • Dry hair and skin

  20. 90-95% are female so, 5-10% are male. • Similar characteristics: • Preoccupied with weight • Males may have preoccupation with body building, weight lifting or toning. • Compulsive exercise • Frequently weighing oneself • Distorted body image

  21. Bulimia Nervosa • Typically a binge – purge method • Binge – secret periods of quickly eating high-calorie dense foods. • Purge – more than the typical vomiting. • 80% are female • Health consequences: • Irregular heartbeat = heart failure = death. • Tooth decay • Ulcers

  22. Warning Signs • Anorexia • Becomes very thin • Obsesses over eating, food, weight • Counts portions, calories carefully • Only eats certain foods • Feels fat • Withdraws from social activities • May be depressed, fatigued or cold all the time • Bulimia • Fears weight gain • Intensely unhappy with body size, shape or weight • Goes to the bathroom frequently or immediately after meals • Regularly buys laxatives • Spends most of free time working out • Withdraws from social activities

  23. Prevention • Involves everyone: • Parents, communities, schools • Examine your own body image • Avoid power struggles over food • Create a healthy lifestyle for the family

  24. More information • “Dying to be thin” www.pbs.org • Nova program

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