1 / 119

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. Rate this person using the following scale: 1= Basically OK Psychotherapy is not necessary 2=Mild Disturbance. Psychotherapy should be considered 3= Significant disturbance. Psychotherapy is definitely required 4= Severe disturbance. Hospitalize!.

floyd
Télécharger la présentation

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

  2. Rate this person using the following scale:1= Basically OK Psychotherapy is not necessary2=Mild Disturbance. Psychotherapy should be considered3= Significant disturbance. Psychotherapy is definitely required4= Severe disturbance. Hospitalize! • Jim was vice president of the freshman class at a local college and played on the school’s football team. Later that year he dropped out of these activities and gradually became more and more withdrawn from friends and family. Neglecting to shave and shower, he began to look dirty and unhealthy. He spent most of his time alone in his room and sometimes complained to his parents that he heard voices in the curtains and in the closet. In his sophomore year he dropped out of school entirely. With increasing anxiety and agitation, he began to worry that the “Nazis” were plotting to kill his family and kidnap him.

  3. Rate this person using the following scale:1= Basically OK Psychotherapy is not necessary2=Mild Disturbance. Psychotherapy should be considered3= Significant disturbance. Psychotherapy is definitely required4= Severe disturbance. Hospitalize! • Mary is a 30 year old musician who is very dedicated and successful in her work as a teacher in a local high school and as a part time member of local musical groups. Since her marriage five years ago, which ended in divorce after six months, she has dated very few men. She often worries that her time is “running out” for establishing a good relationship with a man, getting married, and raising a family. Her friends tell her that she gets way too anxious around men, and that she needs to relax a little in general.

  4. It’s All a Matter of Degree

  5. Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy--full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

  6. Trephination-holes drilled into skulls ostensibly to let evil spirits to escape (found in prehistoric human remains during the Neolithic times) Procedure had survived and continued through the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

  7. Psychological Disorders • Philippe Pinel (1745-1846) French reformer insisted that madness was not demon possession, but a sickness in response to severe stresses and inhumane conditions. Proposed “moral treatment” whereby doctors would unchain the patients and talk to them.

  8. Psychological Disorders • Medical Model • concept that diseases have physical causes • can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured • assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

  9. Psychological Disorders • Thomas Szasz believes that mental illnesses are socially, not medically, defined.

  10. Psychological Disorders • Psychological Disorder • a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: • atypical--not enough in itself • disturbing--varies with time and culture • maladaptive--harmful • unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason • Three Ds – dysfunction, deviance, • distressful

  11. Psychological Disorders--Etiology • DSM-IV • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders • presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)

  12. Labeling Psychological Disorders • Once we label a person, we view that person differently. • Labels create preconceptions that guide our perceptions and our interpretations.

  13. Labeling Psychological Disorders (David Rosenhan) David Rosenhan and seven others went to mental hospital admissions offices, complaining of “hearing voices” that were saying “empty,” “hollow,” and “thud.” Apart from this complaint and giving false names and occupations, they answered all the questions truthfully. All eight were diagnosed as mentally ill.

  14. Psychological Disorders • Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective • assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

  15. Psychological Disorders

  16. Prevalence • Approximately 48% of adults experienced symptoms at least once in their lives • Approximately 80% who experienced symptoms in the last year did NOT seek treatment • Most people seem to deal with symptoms without complete debilitation • Women have higher prevalence of depression and anxiety • Men have higher prevalence of substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder

  17. Psychological Disorders- Etiology • Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now) • usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially • Psychotic Disorder • person loses contact with reality • experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

  18. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

  19. Genetic predisposition or childhood trauma Hypervigilance GAD following life change or major event Model of Development of GAD • GAD has some genetic component • Related genetically to major depression • Childhood trauma also related to GAD

  20. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • More or less constant worry about many issues • The worry seriously interferes with functioning • Physical symptoms • headaches • stomach aches • muscle tension • irritability

  21. Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder • marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

  22. Anxiety Disorders • Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

  23. Phobias Intense, irrational fears that may focus on: • Natural environment—heights, water, lightening • Situation—flying, tunnels, crowds, social gathering • Injury—needles, blood, dentist, doctor • Animals or insects—insects, snakes, bats, dogs

  24. Anxiety Disorders • Common and uncommon fears

  25. Anxiety Disorders

  26. Anxiety Disorders • PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder • High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

  27. The Learning Perspective • The Learning Perspective sees anxiety disorders as a product of learned helplessness or fear conditioning • Fear Conditioning Researchers have linked general anxiety with classical conditioning of fear.

  28. The Learning Perspective • Stimulus Generalization Conditioned fears may remain long after we have forgotten the experiences that produced them. Stimulus generalization may occur when a person who fears heights after a fall may be afraid of airplanes without ever having flown.

  29. The Learning Perspective • Reinforcement Once phobias and compulsions arise, reinforcement helps maintain them. Avoiding or escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing the phobic behavior.

  30. The Learning Perspective • Observational Learning We learn fear through observing others. Parents transmit their fears to their children.

  31. The Biological Perspective • The Biological Perspective Considers possible evolutionary, genetic, and physiological influences. • Natural Selection Phobias focus on dangers faced by our ancestors. Compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species’ survival.

  32. The Biological Perspective • Genes Some people seem genetically predisposed to particular fears and high anxiety. Identical twins often develop similar phobias, even when raised separately.

  33. The Biological Perspective • Physiology General anxiety, panic attacks, and even obsessions and compulsions are biologically measurable as an overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors. (PET scans)

  34. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Traumatic stress (experiencing or witnessing severely threatening, uncontrollable events with a sense of fear, helplessness, or horror) can produce PTSD, symptoms of which include haunting memories and nightmares, numbed social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia.

  35. POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER • Some experts estimate that as many as 200,000 World War II veterans continue to suffer from PTSD. • Currently, about 19% of Iraqi veterans and 11% of Afghanistan veterans return home with mental health problems. • Children can also suffer from PTSD

  36. Somatoform Disorders • Psychological disorders in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. In Freud’s day, called hysteria. In 1970s, hysteria as an independent diagnostic entity was deleted from the official manuals of medical diagnosis.

  37. Somatoform Disorders • Conversion Disorders a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

  38. Somatoform Disorders • Hypochondriasis a somatoform disorder in which a person misinterprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

  39. Dissociative Disorders • conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Dissociative Identity Disorder • rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • formerly called multiple personality disorder

  40. Dissociative Disorders Amnesia Fugue Memories related to a trauma disappear and the person starts life all over. Memories related to a trauma disappear. Identity Disorder A person will have several personalities that are unique.

  41. Dissociative Amnesia • Also known as psychogenic amnesia • Memory loss the only symptom • Often selective loss surrounding traumatic events • person still knows identity and most of their past • Can also be global • loss of identity without replacement with a new one

  42. Dissociative Amnesia • Margie and her brother were recently victims of a robbery. Margie was not injured, but her brother was killed when he resisted the robbers. Margie was unable to recall any details from the time of the accident until four days later.

  43. Dissociative Fugue • Also known as psychogenic fugue • Global amnesia with identity replacement • leaves home • develops a new identity • apparently no recollection of former life • called a ‘fugue state’ • If fugue wears off • old identity recovers • new identity is totally forgotten

More Related