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Replication Transcription Translation

Replication Transcription Translation. DNA 1. Double Stranded Helix 2. Hydrogen Bonds between Nitrogenous Base Pairs 3. Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine. Gene. A gene is a segment of DNA A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional product (usually a protein)

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Replication Transcription Translation

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  1. Replication Transcription Translation

  2. DNA 1. Double Stranded Helix 2. Hydrogen Bonds between Nitrogenous Base Pairs 3. Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine

  3. Gene • A gene is a segment of DNA • A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional product (usually a protein) • 1 gene = 1000’s of base pairs • 41000 possibilities of combinations

  4. A Gene is a Segment of DNA When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins.

  5. Genotype and Phenotype • Genotype 1. Genetic Composition of an Organism 2. Represents the Potential Properties • Phenotype 1. The Expression of the Genes 2. What You See

  6. Replication • The duplication of DNA which occurs during the S phase of Interphase. • 1 Strand  2 Complementary Strands • DNA Polymerase

  7. One More Time!

  8. Hydrogen bond (H-bonds) DNA Structure thymine adenine cytosine guanine phosphate deoxyribose sugar Sugar / phosphate “strand” Nitrogenous base “rung” DNA nucleotide RNA nucleotide Deoxyribose sugar ribose sugar Nitrogenous base (guanine) Nitrogenous base (uracil) phosphate phosphate

  9. DNA Replication Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break DNA “unzips”

  10. DNA Replication Step 2: DNA strands pull apart from each other

  11. DNA Replication Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell match up with each side of the “unzipped” DNA each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a new strand

  12. DNA Replication Step 4: Each “old’ strand forms a template for a “new” strand two identical DNA molecules form “new” strand, identical sequence to the original “old” (original) strand

  13. Transcription • The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA. • 1 Strand DNA  2 Strands RNA • RNA Polymerase

  14. DNARNA

  15. Label the Following

  16. One More Time!

  17. RNA Transcription Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break DNA “unzips”

  18. RNA Transcription Step 2: DNA strands pull apart from each other

  19. RNA Transcription Step 3: RNA nucleotides in the cell match up with only one side of the “unzipped” DNA each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a mRNA strand RNA nucleotide

  20. RNA Transcription Step 4: RNA nucleotides continue to match up with “unzipped” DNA until the message is completely transcribed mRNA strand One side of DNA strand

  21. RNA Transcription mRNA strand Step 4: mRNA strand breaks off from the DNA strand One side of DNA strand

  22. RNA Transcription Step 5: mRNA strand leaves the nucleus for the ribosome

  23. RNA Transcription Step 6: Once the mRNA leaves, the DNA “zips” back together

  24. Translation • The process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein. • 1 Strand RNA  Amino Acid Chain  Protein

  25. The problem: How does a particular sequence of nucleotides specify a particular sequence of amino acids? By means of transfer RNA molecules, each specific for one amino acid and for a particular triplet of nucleotides in mRNA called a codon. The family of tRNA molecules enables the codons in a mRNA molecule to be translated into the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

  26. RNA and Protein Synthesis • RNA is a Single Stranded Nucleic Acid • RNA Acts as a Messenger between DNA and Ribosomes • Process Takes Amino Acids and Forms Proteins

  27. Why Is It Necessary? • DNA / Nucleus • Ribosomes / Cytoplasm • Need a Messenger

  28. Definitions • Codon 1. Three-base segment of mRNA that specify amino acids. 2. Sense Codons 3. Nonsense Codons • Anticodon 1. Three-base segment of tRNA that dock with a codon. 2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.

  29. Protein Synthesis • Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA with 3 bases (one codon) for each amino acid. What’s up with that?

  30. Mutation • A change in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA; that change causes a change in the product coded for by the mutated gene.

  31. Mutations What happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in the DNA sequence? Usually you end up with a mess. THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL Deletion of one base THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL And its all pops and buzzes.

  32. Sickle-Cell Anemia

  33. Definitions • Carcinogens Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin; may induce cancer or increase its incidence and can affect any cells or tissues • Mutagens may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence and effect the germ cells (gonads) • Teratogens may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence and effect the growing fetus

  34. Mutagens • Tobacco products • Nitrous Acid • Mold Toxins • X-rays • Gamma Rays • UV Radiation • Some Artificial Sweeteners

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