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DNA: Replication Transcription Translation

DNA: Replication Transcription Translation. Fill in the missing bases:. A T G G A C T C G G A A G T. T A C C T G A G C C T T C A. What do the letters of DNA stand for?. Adenine. A = ______________. Thymine. T = ______________. Guanine. G = ______________. Cytosine.

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DNA: Replication Transcription Translation

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  1. DNA:ReplicationTranscriptionTranslation

  2. Fill in the missing bases: A T G G A C T C G G AA G T T A C C T G A G C C T T C A

  3. What do the letters of DNA stand for? Adenine • A = ______________ Thymine • T = ______________ Guanine • G = ______________ Cytosine • C = ______________

  4. Structure of DNA: • Which nucleotide bases are Purines? • Which nucleotide bases are Pyrimidines? Guanine Thymine Adenine Cytosine

  5. Structure of DNA: James Watson • Who are the two scientists credited with discovering DNA: _________________ and ________________ Francis Crick

  6. Structure of DNA: sugar and phosphate • What is the DNA “backbone” made of? _________________

  7. Structure of DNA: • What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

  8. Structure of DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • What does DNA stand for? ____________________ • Sugar = Deoxyribose • Macromolecule = Nucleic Acid

  9. DNA Replication • What is DNA Replication? A process in your cell that makes a copy of your DNA before mitosis.

  10. DNA Replication • Why is DNA Replication important for cells and multicellular organisms? Every time a cell divides you need each new cell to have a complete set of DNA.

  11. DNA Replication • When does DNA Replication occur? During S phase of interphase, before mitosis.

  12. DNA Replication • What is a chromosome? Tightly wound DNA

  13. DNA Replication • What is DNA Polymerase? An enzyme that copies DNA by matching complimentary nucleotides to the original DNA strand.

  14. DNA Replication STEP 1 • DNA Polymerase breaks Hydrogen bonds of double helix apart. DNA

  15. DNA Replication STEP 2 • DNA Polymerase matches nucleotides to complementary bases. DNA T T A G T

  16. DNA Replication STEP 3 • Two identical copies of DNA are formed.

  17. DNA Replication • DNA replication is considered ‘semi-conservative’. • “Semi” means: • “Conservative” means: Half Save

  18. DNA Replication • How is DNA replication semi-conservative? Explain in your own words!

  19. DNA Replication • Draw a picture of a chromosome without DNA replication, and one with DNA replication.

  20. DNA and RNA • Why do we need DNA in the first place? DNA has the instructions for every protein our body is made of

  21. DNA and RNA • Picture of how DNA is used by our body:

  22. Background: DNA  RNA Protein nucleus • Where is DNA Stored?________________ • What organelle makes proteins?__________ • If this is so, where are proteins made? ____________ • What problem does this pose? ___________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ribosomes cytoplasm DNA Cannot leave the nucleus to give directions to ribosomes.

  23. Background: DNA  RNA Protein • How does RNA solve this problem? RNA is a disposable copy of DNA that can leave the nucleus and travel to ribosomes.

  24. RNA • RNA’s structure is very similar to the structure of DNA except for 3 major differences.

  25. ribose sugar

  26. Thymine Uracil ribose sugar

  27. RIBOSOME

  28. Background: DNA  RNA Protein

  29. Background: DNA  RNA Protein Long chains of amino acids • What is a protein? _______________________

  30. What are some examples of proteins? Make up all your traits – hair type and color (keratin), what color your skin is (melanin), what enzymes you have to break down food (lactase, peroxidase, amylase), how strong you are (actin/myosin)

  31. Background: DNA  RNA Protein Leave the nucleus • DNA can not _______________________ • DNA contains the directions to make ____________ • Proteins can only be made in the ____________ by _______________ protein cytoplasm ribosomes

  32. Background: DNA  RNA Protein • What problem does this cause? DNA cannot leave the nucleus to give directions to ribosomes.

  33. Background: DNA  RNA Protein • How does RNA solve this problem? mRNA is a disposable copy of DNA that can leave the nucleus to go meet up with the ribosome!

  34. Transcription • Transcription: Making a disposable copy (mRNA) from DNA.

  35. Transcription • Description Step 1: RNA Polymerase opens the DNA strand of one gene (example: keratin)

  36. Transcription • Diagram Step 1:

  37. Transcription • Description Step 2: RNA Polymerase matches complimentary bases to original DNA strand.

  38. Transcription • Diagram Step 2:

  39. Transcription • Description Step 3: RNA Polymerase is finished, mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosome.

  40. Transcription • Diagram Step 3:

  41. Transcription practice • If this was the original DNA nucleotide strand, what would the mRNA copy look like? • DNA: A T C C G A A G T G A T • mRNA U A G G C U U C A C U A

  42. Transcription Questions • What does RNA polymerase do? • Does RNA polymerase copy every gene in the nucleus? _______ Why? Make a copy of DNA called mRNA. No It only needs the piece of DNA (gene) that codes for the protein the cell needs.

  43. Transcription Questions • Just like we read several letters together to have meaning as words, a cell reads three bases together as a code for an amino acid (one part of a protein): Every three bases is called a: • Examples: codon Proline, valine, isoleucine, tryptophan

  44. Translation • Translation: Making protein from mRNA.

  45. Translation • Description Step 1: mRNA leaves the nucleus to find a ribosome.

  46. Translation • Diagram Step 1:

  47. Translation • Description Step 2: A tRNA that matches the mRNA sequence clicks into place.

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