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Dutch police in 1940

T he impact of citizens opinions on Dutch police participation in the deportation of the Jews 1942-1943 Guus Meershoek. Dutch police in 1940. Civilian: Cities: Gemeentepolitie Smaller towns: Gemeenteveldwacht Villages: Rijksveldwacht Military:

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Dutch police in 1940

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  1. The impact of citizens opinions on Dutch police participation in the deportation of the Jews 1942-1943Guus Meershoek

  2. Dutch police in 1940 Civilian: • Cities: Gemeentepolitie • Smaller towns: Gemeenteveldwacht • Villages: Rijksveldwacht Military: • Border regions: Koninklijke Marechaussee • Riot police Politietroepen

  3. Jordaan-riot, Amsterdam 1934

  4. German interferences and strategy • Merging forces into state-police • National recruitment and training centre • Putting reliable Dutch officers at the top of main forces • Relying on local, trusted institution (Jewish council, local police forces) • Territorial scissors movement

  5. Scissors movement in rounding up

  6. Four crucial moments in deportation August 1942: chiefs of city police in A. and TH offer assistance October 1942: too much hidden resistance in A. and TH, start rounding up in countryside February 1943: ordinary policemen refuse after call of conscience archbishop May 1943: end of almost all assistance

  7. Citizens opinions & impact on police • Population well-informed, anti-semitism not socially accepted: February-strike, tolerated by local police • Summer 1942: rumours of mass-murder in Poland • Local authorities loyal, patrolmen comply • Inner emigration population, covered resistance in police • February 1943: call of conscience archbishop

  8. Conclusion • German authorities took the lead • Well-functioning polity stimulates compliance • Police enforced estranged • Police and population well-informed • Some reports of genocide in summer of 1942 • Population went into inner emigration • Call to conscience came too late

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