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2. 2. ???????(5/2). ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(???????????????????)?????????????(Linguistics)??????????????Chomsky ?????? 1950 ??????????????????????????????????????????. 3. ????????. ?????????(???)????

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    2. 2 ???????(5/2) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????(???????????????????)? ????????????(Linguistics)??????????????Chomsky ?????? 1950 ???????????????? ??????????????????????????

    3. 3 ???????? ??? ??????(???) ???????? ??? ?????? ??(??) ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? LFG GPSG HPSG ??? ????? ??????? ?????

    4. 4 ????? ??? ?????? ??? I love you ??? ??? ??? (Ich liebe dich) ??? (Je taime) ???? S(??)?O(???)?V(??)???????(S: ??O:??V: ???) SOV ?(????(????)...) SVO ?(???????(?????)...) ???????VSO, VOS, OSV, OVS ???? 3! = 6 ??? ??????????????

    5. 5 ??: ??????(2005) ???(???????) (8?7300??) SVO ????? (3?2200??) SVO ?? (3?0900??) SVO ??????????(??????????????) (2?4200??) SOV ??????? (2?0600??) SVO ?????? (1?7500??) SVO ????? (1?7100??) SOV ???? (1?4500??) SVO ??? (1?2200??) SOV ?????? (9600??) SOV

    6. 6 ?????????? SOV ? 45~55% SVO ? 35~40% VSO ? 10~18% (??????????????) VOS ? ? (???????) OSV ? ? (????????) OVS ? ? (?????????)

    7. 7 ??:?????????? ????????????? SVO: ???? (infix notation) a+b, ab ?? VSO: ???? (prefix notation) ????: f (x,y) SOV: ???? (postfix notation) ?? n! ?? ?????????????????????????????????(??????????)

    8. 8 ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??:(??????????????) ???11???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????????

    9. 9 ?????(1) ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??:????????????? W. Jones (1786) ??????????????????????????? ? ??????????

    10. 10 ?????(2) ????????? ??????????????? ??????(mentalese)????????????? ?????????????????????????????(?????)??? ???????????????????????????? ??: A. Arnauld (1660):???????????????????????????????? ... ??????????????

    11. 11 ?????(3) ?????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????(??????)?? ????????(??????)????? ????????????????????????????????

    12. 12 ?????(4) ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????(???)???????? ? ???????(??????)? ?????????????????????????????

    13. 13 ????????? ???(Phonetics) ???(Phonology) ??(?)?(Morphology) ???(Lexicology) ???(???: Syntax) ???(Semantics) ???(Pragmatics)

    14. 14 ????????????(1) (??????????????????????) ????????(~18 C.) ?????????(Port Royal)????? (A. Arnauld ?) ??????????????(18~19 C.) Jones(????)?Grimm ?? ????(diatonic)???? (???????:???????????) ???????(?????)?(?)

    15. 15 ????????????(2) ?????(F. de Saussure) (1857~1913) ???????: ???(synchronic)???? ?????? ????????: ??????(signifiant)??????(signifi) ???????

    16. 16 ????????????(3) ?????(R. Jacobson)???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? Carnap, Kleene, Tarski, (Turing) ??????????????????

    17. 17 ????????(1) Noam Chomsky (1928.12.7~) (Wikipedia ?? ???) ?????? ????????????(MIT)???? ???????????????... 1950 ?????????????????????????????? ?????(??????)??????????????????????

    18. 18 ????????(2) ????????(??????) Chomsky, N. (1956). Three Models for the Description of Language. IRE Transactions on Information Theory 2 (2): 113123. doi:10.1109/TIT.1956.1056813 Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. (????:?????????????? 1963) Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press. (????:???????????????? 1970) Review of Verbal Behavior, by B.F. Skinner. Language 35, no. 1 (January-March 1959): 26-57.

    19. 19 ????????(3) ???????????????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????? (???????????) ?????????? ???????????(???)??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????(???????)????????

    20. 20 ????????(4) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? Bloomfield (?????? Skinner ??)????????????????????????????

    21. 21 ???????(Levels of adequacy) ??????(observational adequacy) ?????????????????????? ??????(descriptive adequacy) ?????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????(explanatory adequacy) ??????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????

    22. 22 ????????? ????(linguistic competence) ????????????????????????? ???(????????)?? ????(linguistic performance) ??????????? ??????????????????????????competence ??????? cf. langue ? parole (de Saussure)

    23. 23 ????????? (??????????????????????????) ????(formal language) ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? (????????????????) ??(????)????????????? ????(formal grammar) ???????????????????? ?????????????????

    24. 24 ?????????(2) ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? (??????????) ?????????????????????????????????

    25. 25 ?????????(3) ???? G = { N, T, P, S } N: ?????????? ??????(???????))????? T: ????????? ??????????? P: ????(????)???: a? a?????????? a??????????? S: ???? ????????: S ? N ???? L ? T* T* ??????? T ?????????

    26. 26 ?????????(4) ???? a??????a?????????????????? ???????????????????(=????????)???????????????????????????????? ?? G ???????(=????)? L = L(G) ???????G ? L ?????(????)?????

    27. 27 ?????????(5) ?:???????2????? (1) S ? b (2) S ? aS ?? (1) ???????? b?T ???????????????????????? ?? (2) ????????? S?N ???????????????????????????? ?????? b, ab, aab, aaab, ... ??????? ?????????????L={ anb } ???? (n ? 0 ???????an? a ? n????????)

    28. 28 ???????? ?? G ????????????? a ? ??????????????????? ?????????????(1956) 3???(??????) 2???(????????) BNF?? 1???(????????) 0???(??????)

    29. 29 ????????(2) ??? a??????????(??????)???? 3????? A?a, A?bB ???????? (?????????????1?????????????????1???????) 2????? A?a ?????(????????1???)

    30. 30 ????????(3) 1????? aA?a? ????? (??? A ?a???????????????) ?a??(|a|?||)????????????????????(|a| ?a???)? 0????? ????????????a?????? (0, 1 ???????a?????????????????????????????????)

    31. 31 ????????(4) ? { an } ?3???(??????) { anbn } ?2???????????3???????? (1) S?ab (2) S?aSb ??????? { anbncn }? { anbncndn }?... ?1???????????2???????? { ap }(p ???)?1????????

    32. 32 ?????????(1) 3???(????)????????????? ??????: ?????????? an ????? k ??????????????(k ?????)? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ? ?????(??????????)??????

    33. 33 ?????????(2) ????????? The cheese the rat the cat the dog the boy held bit chased ate was rotten. (????????????????????????????????????????) Dorothy, who met the wicked Witch of the West in Munchkin Land where her wicked Witch sister was killed, liquidated her with a pail of water. ???? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    34. 34 ?????????(3) ???????2???(??????:context-free grammar)??????? ??????????(phrase-structure grammar)??????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????(??)??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

    35. 35 ?????????? The dog ate the bone ??? ????????????? S? NP VP VP ? V NP NP ? D N ??????????) ???: S: ??V: ???N: ???D: ??? NP: ????VP: ??? ?????????????????????

    36. 36 colorless green ideas sleep furiously (??(?):????????????????) ??????(1957)?????????????????????????????????????????????

    37. 37 (Jabberwocky) 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch! He took his vorpal sword in hand: Long time the manxome foe he sought So rested he by the Tumtum tree, And stood awhile in thought. And as in uffish thought he stood, The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame, Came whiffling through the tulgey wood, And burbled as it came! One, two! One, two! and through and through The vorpal blade went snicker-snack! He left it dead, and with its head He went galumphing back. "And hast thou slain the Jabberwock? Come to my arms, my beamish boy! O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay! He chortled in his joy. 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.

    38. 38 ??????????? ???(?????????)?????????????????????? Flying planes can be dangerous. Time flies like an arrow. I eat the apples in the garden. ????????? ??????????????????????????????? John is easy to please. John is eager to please. ???????????????

    39. 39 ?????????(4):?? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????(transformation)??????? ??????????????????(?????????(deep structure)?????????????????????????(surface structure)????????(???)???? ???????????????????????+?????????

    40. 40 ?????????(5) ????:??????? John loves Mary(???????????)???? ??? is loved ??????? ??(John)????(Mary)??? ????Mary is loved by John ???? (???) ????????????(??????) ???????? ???????????????

    41. 41 ????(Generative Grammar) ???????????(~1965)????????????????+?????????????????????????????????? ????????(??)????? ???(generative)????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    42. 42 ????(Universal Grammar) ???????? ????????????(?????) ?????(????)????? ??(??)?????????????????????(2~3?)???????????(???)???????????????? ????????(tabula rasa)????????????????????? ????????????????(?????????)?????????? cf. ????

    43. 43 ????(2) ????????????????(??)????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????(Universal Grammar)????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????

    44. 44 ???????????(1) ?????(Standard theory)?(1957~1965) ???????(Extended standard theory)? (1965~1973)?????(1973~1976) ?(????)(Relational grammar)? (1975 ?~1990) ???????(Government & binding)?? ??????????(Principles & parameters)? (1981~1990) ????????????(Minimalist program)? (1990~??)

    45. 45 ???????????(2) ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????(???????????????????????????)??????? ???????????????????????????????

    46. 46 ???????????(3) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????(?????????)?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    47. 47 ????????????(??) ???????????????????Competence(????)????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????(??)??????????? Competence ?? performance ?????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????

    48. 48 ????????(1) ?????????????????????????????????(?????)??????????????????????? ?????????????3???0??????????????????????(????)?????? 3?2?????????????? 1??????????????????? 0?(????????????)??(????)??????????????

    49. 49 ????????(2) ?????(Phrase structure grammar) ???????? LFG(Lexical Functional Grammar:??????) 1970 ???Bresnan & Kaplan GPSG(Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar:????????) 1970?????Gazdar HPSG(Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar: ?????????) 1985~?Pollard & Sag

    50. 50 ????????(3) ????????????????????????????????????????? ???(case grammar) 1968, Fillmore (???????????????) ????????(systemic functional grammar) 1960 ??~?M. Halliday

    51. 51 ??: ?????(case)? ??(??)?????????????????(?)????????????????????????????????????????? ?: ??????????????... ??????????????????????????????????????????????(????) ??(????)?????????????????????

    52. 52 ??:??????(1) ???????????????????????????????? ??????(???????????)??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????

    53. 53 ??:??????(2) ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    54. 54 ???(Semantics) ?????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????(???????) ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????????(????)????????(??????) ?????????????????????(?????Montague grammar ??)

    55. 55 ???(2) Every man loves a woman. ?????????????????????????(2?????)???? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?x ?y love(x,y) ?????? x ???????? y ?1??????? ?y ?x love(x,y) ?????? x ?????????? y ??????

    56. 56 ???(3) ???????? Tarski ??????????????? Montague Grammar?? ?????(Ross, Postal, McCawley, Lakoff) Chomsky ? deep structure ???????????? ??????????????????? Chomsky ?????? ?????? ????????? Jackendoff ????????????? ?????(Barwise, Perry)

    57. 57 ???(Pragmatics) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???:??????????????? ????(metaphor) ??? ????????????...?????????? ????????? ???????(Wittgenstein) ???? ???????(????????????????????????)

    58. 58 ?????(Speech Act Theory) J.L. Austin ????????J.R.Searle ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??: L. Wittgenstein ???????

    59. 59 ?????(2) ???????(illocutionary act) ???????????????? ? ????????(Searle) assertives ????????????????????? directives ??????????????????(??????????) commissives ?????????????????(???????) expressives ???????????????????????????(??????????) declaratives ????????????????(????????????????)

    60. 60 ?????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ????? XX ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????

    61. 61 ?????????? (?????????????) HPSG ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ? ????????????? ??:??????? ?????????????????????? http://www.r.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~ninomi/NLP2007/

    62. 62 ?????? ???????????? ?1?????2????... ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???(Pidgin)??????(Creole) D. Bickerton: Roots of Language (1981)

    63. ??: ???? ????????????????(?????1983)??? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????2????????????????????????????

    64. W. F. ?????????????????(1939) [???????]?????????????????????????????????????????(mind) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? x ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? x????????????????????????????? 64

    65. ????????????(??) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 65

    66. ????????????(??)? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 66

    67. 67 ????? (5/2) ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????(???????????????)??????? ????????????(????????????)????????

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