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Biology 320 (Immunology)

Biology 320 (Immunology). Gregory E. Steinkraus, Ph.D., ABMM Clinical Director and Chief Scientific Officer Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine New Hanover Health Network and Wilmington Pathology Associates and NextWave Diagnostic Laboratories Wilmington, North Carolina

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Biology 320 (Immunology)

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  1. Biology 320 (Immunology) Gregory E. Steinkraus, Ph.D., ABMM Clinical Director and Chief Scientific Officer Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine New Hanover Health Network and Wilmington Pathology Associates and NextWave Diagnostic Laboratories Wilmington, North Carolina Clinical Associate Professor South East Area Health Education Center Department of Internal Medicine University of North Carolina Hospitals and School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina Adjunct Faculty Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina at Wilmington Wilmington, NC

  2. INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY

  3. IMMUNOLOGY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • Immunology • Study of the components and function of the immune system • Immune System • Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which provide non-specific and specific protection against • Microorganisms • Microbial toxins • Tumor cells • Crucial to human survival

  4. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND IMMUNITY • Immune response • Innate (non-specific) • Adaptive (specific) • Primary • Secondary • Immunity • State of non-specific and specific protection • Acquisition of Immunity • Natural • Artificial

  5. NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Active • Antigens enter body naturally with response of • Innate and adaptive immune systems • Provides long term protection • Passive • Antibodies pass from mother to • Fetus across placenta • Infant in breast milk • Provides immediate short term protection

  6. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Active • Antigens enter body through vaccination with response of • Innate and adaptive immune systems • Provides long term protection • Passive • Antibodies from immune individuals injected into body • Referred to as • Immune serum globulins (ISG) • Immune globulins (IG) • Gamma globulins • Provides immediate short term protection

  7. PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • To protect humans from pathogenic microorganisms • Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogens) • Microorganisms capable of causing infection and/or disease • Infection • Ability of pathogen to enter host, multiply and stimulate an immune response • Disease • Clinical manifestations associated with infection

  8. BACTERIA, VIRUSES, FUNGI, PARASITES—OH MY! • Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Ebola virus • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • Aspergillus fumigatus • Candida albicans • Cryptococcus neoformans • Cryptosporidium parvum • Stronglyoides stercoralis • Ascaris lumbricoides • Plasmodium falciparum

  9. DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE HUMAN HOST • Innate Mechanisms (Innate immunity) • First line of defense • Non-specific • Adaptive Mechanisms (Adaptive immunity) • Second line of defense • Highly specific with memory • Cooperation between mechanisms

  10. ORIGIN OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • Derived from common progenitor cell in bone marrow • Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell • Progenitor Stem Cells • Erythroid lineage • Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes • Myeloid lineage • Monocyte/macrophage, dendritic cells, PMN’s, mast cells • Lymphoid lineage • Small and large lymphocytes

  11. CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY • Myeloid Lineage • Neutrophil • Principal phagocytic cell of innate immunity • Eosinophil • Principal defender against parasites • Basophil • Functions similar to eosinophils and mast cells • Referred to as • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN’s) • Nuclei are multilobed (2 to 5) • Granulocytes • Cytoplasmic granules

  12. CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY • Myeloid lineage • Monocytes • Leukocytes with bean shaped or brain-like convoluted nuclei • Circulate in blood with half life of 8 hours • Precursors of tissue macrophages • Macrophages • Mononuclear phagocytic cells in tissue • Derive from blood monocytes • Participate in innate and adaptive immunity

  13. CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY • Myeloid lineage • Dendritic cells • Cells with dendriform (star shaped) morphology • Interdigitating reticular cells (synonym) • Capture and present antigens to T lymphocytes • Mast cells • Located in mucous membrane and connective tissue throughout body • Major effector cell in allergy • Modulation of initial immune response

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