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480 seconds of Marcellus shale flowback water…

480 seconds of Marcellus shale flowback water…. Slide 1 of 73. Chris Kulish, BS CE 2010 Molly Pritz, BS Geol 2010. Sea Water ~35,000 mg/l. Typical wastewater ~300 - 500 mg/l. Chris Kulish, BS CE 2010. Through dilution only: 16 gas wells worth of salt per year in the watershed.

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480 seconds of Marcellus shale flowback water…

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  1. 480 seconds of Marcellus shale flowback water… Slide 1 of 73

  2. Chris Kulish, BS CE 2010 Molly Pritz, BS Geol 2010 Sea Water ~35,000 mg/l Typical wastewater ~300 - 500 mg/l

  3. Chris Kulish, BS CE 2010 Through dilution only: 16 gas wells worth of salt per year in the watershed 800 psi, polyamide brackish water desalination membrane

  4. Changes to 25 PAC –Environmental Protection April, 2009 Ch. 78 – Well permit fees from $100 to ~$1,800 - $3,000 February, 2011 Ch. 78 – Outdated well casing standards updated Ongoing Ch. 93 – Water quality based standards August, 2010 Ch. 95 – Effluent standards for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

  5. Centralized Wastewater Treatment (CWT) Facility $40 ton $238 1,000 gal Blended flowback, 80,000 mg/LTDS Conventional Phys/Chem Treatment 0.015 metric tons, 40% cake solids to landfill $91 Vapor Compression Distillation 680 gal Distillate, 100 mg/L TDS 320 gal to out-of-state deep well injection, 250,000 mg/L TDS $4.50 free or $40, all costs included POTW Public Water Utility or Surface Water Permits Lagging Recycling, for fracturing River

  6. Possibilities still exist for emerging pollutants in surface waters. Pre-8/10 authorized discharges POTW Landfill Leachate New or expanding CWT TDS, bromide (Br-), radium, etc. Impoundment failures Not well represented in monitoring plans from SRBC and USGS Migration from groundwater Faulty casings Public Water Supply

  7. Drinking Water Utilities are not as well equipped to prevent formation of brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Activated carbon Pre-adsorption Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation Disinfection Filtration River Natural Organic Matter (NOM): 1. Aromatics X OH NH2 Cl2 X R R 2. Non-aromatics Brominated Disinfection Byproducts –carcinogenic Bromide Ion, Br-

  8. Rebekah Hupp, 2013 DBPs tend to be of the brominated type DBPs tend to be of the chlorinated type ‘Degree of aromatic organics’ Susquehanna River, Winter 2011 Kitis et al., 2001

  9. If bromide discharges increase, recent samples suggest the Susquehanna may be more likely to form brominated DBPs than chlorinated DBPs. Theoretical Max = 3 Susquehanna River, Winter 2011 Kitis et al., 2001

  10. So, ultimately, where is it all going?

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