Isolation vs. Globalization

1. Isolation vs. Globalization Unit 6

2. Section A

3. 15a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in WWI, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare. • WWI was a war of alliances. If you are in an alliance and your ally is attacked? What are you obligated to do? • In 1914, Austrian Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian. In retaliation, Austria attacked Serbia. Austria and Serbia were both members of alliances and therefore other countries began to get involved. • Germany aided Austria • Britain, France and Russia joined Serbia • The U.S. had stayed out of European affairs since the War of 1812, and Wilson had won the election for President on a promise of keeping the U.S. out of the war. For three years he was successful.

4. Reasons for U.S. involvement in the War • Violation of the Freedom of the Seas • Main reason for U.S. entering WWI was unrestricted German submarine warfare. In 1915, a German submarine sank the British Passenger liner Lusitania. 128 Americans were on board. Germany promised not to sink anymore ships without warning, but in 1917 they began sinking U.S. merchant vessels. U.S. declared war.

5. More reasons…. • German Actions and Allied Propaganda: • Americans were shocked at the German invasion of neutral Belgium • The Zimmerman Telegram: A secret telegram to Mexico from a high German official offering to return territory to Mexico, if Mexico would help Germany against the U.S. The telegram was intercepted and published in the newspaper. This led to public outrage towards Germany.

6. 15b. Explain the domestic impact of WWI, as reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs. • With men away at war, many jobs opened for both women and African Americans. • The Great Migration: African Americans migrated in large numbers from the South to fill the jobs in Northern factories. This gave them the chance to escape the Jim Crow south. The war accelerated this migration.

7. Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts (1918) a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years on jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal about the war. • Do you think this violates the first amendment? • How would life be different today if these acts were still in effect? (think of the war in Iraq!) • These acts targeted socialists such as Eugene Debs.

8. Do Questions for Section A. • On Elearn, do “Questions for Section A.”

9. Section B

10. Eugene Debs • A socialist who worked to change the horrible conditions experienced by factory workers. • He was also against the war and the draft. He was fined $10,000 and given a 10 year prison sentence for speaking out against the war and the draft.

11. 15c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations. • U.S. involvement in the war shifted the balance of power to the allies. In 1918 the war ended. • Wilson announced America’s war aims in his FOURTEEN POINTS • They called for freedom of the seas, reduced armaments and an end to secret diplomacy. • The most important part was the League of Nations. This was a association of nations to try to prevent future wars. Unfortunately, the American people wanted to become isolated again from foreign problems, and the U.S. never joined the League.

12. 15d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the Nineteenth Amendment, establishing woman suffrage. • 18th (1920): Prohibition-This banned the sale of Alcohol in the United States. This led to the rise of organized crime (remember something always costs more if it is illegal). Gangsters like Al Capone grew rich and powerful by boot-legging (illegally selling) alcohol. • 19th (1920): Women’s suffrage- Women gained the right to vote

13. 16a: Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the Red Scare and immigrant restriction. • Nativism- the idea that people born in the US were better than immigrant citizens • Anti-immigrant, anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic sentiments grew, and causes a revival of the Ku Klux Klan • Fear of Communist takeover led to suppression of immigrants in the Red Scare of the 1920’s

14. 19b: Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the internment of Japanese- Americans, German-Americans, and Italian-Americans. • Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941- Japan launched a surprise attack on the US Navy base at Pearl Harbor • This attack was the US’s official entry into WWII • Because of fear of retribution from Japanese-Americans, Roosevelt ordered them kept in prison camps, including some Germans, Italians, and Native Americans

15. 19c: Explain major events; include the lend-lease program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the fall of Berlin. • Lend-Lease Program: 9 months before Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt approved this program for nation that the US deemed necessary to the vital defense of the US • Battle of Midway- June 4-7, 1942: turning point of WWII. Japan tried to attack Midway Atoll, a refueling station, but the US destroyed 4 Japanese carriers, while only losing 1 of its own

16. 19d: Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of women in war industries. • Selective Service- Draft: 10 million men were forced to join the military, and women were allowed to join to fill non-combat positions • To equip the troops all US industry was dedicated to the war effort: women filled many of these positions, but paid 60% less • Wartime conservation- aka: rationing, people were only allowed to purchase limited suppies of many things such as gas, meat, sugar, and coffee

17. Do Questions for Section B • On Elearn, do “Questions for Section B.”

18. Section C

19. WWII- a TRUE World War • Allies- Great Britain, Soviet Union, US, China, and France • Axis- Germany, Italy, Japan • Oceans became battlefields, and the whole world saw war as a personal experience

20. D-Day • June 6-1944: code name for the first day of Operation Overlord- an Allied invasion of Nazi France (opening scene of Saving Private Ryan) • From the French Beaches, American and British forces pushed east into Germany

22. Fall of Berlin • April-May 1945: final place of battle in Europe during WWII. • One of the bloodiest battles in history • Hitler committed suicide during this battle • Majority of deadly battle was fought against the Soviets, and the length of the fighting was due to Germany’s desire to surrender to the US or Britain rather than the Soviet Union.

23. 19e: Describe Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and military implications of developing the atomic bomb. • The Allies knew after the Battle of Midway that they would still have to invade the Japanese mainland, because they had a huge military presence on the ground • BUT: President Truman knew that he jeopardized the lives of his troops if he sent them to the mainland

24. Do Questions for Section C • On Elearn, do “Questions for Section C.”

25. Section D

26. Atomic Bomb • Truman decided to use new technology, no one had ever seen the Atomic Bomb, or knew completely what it was capable of • 2 bombs were assembled in Los Alamos, New Mexico and dropped on Japan in August, 1945. • Japan surrendered Sept 2, 1945 • The Atomic Bomb mission was called the “Manhattan Project”

27. Implications of using the A-Bomb • US had this unique weapon, and we weren’t afraid to use it • Soviet Union immediately began research and production of their own, creating fear and a weapons race • Nuclear power became prevalent in every area of life

28. Cold WarTruman Doctrine • The “Cold War” was a time period where countries began building their weapons and military programs, either to prevent the spread of Communism or to protect it; depending on the country. • Stated that the US would not hesitate to help nations to resist communism. • Containment policy: allow communism to remain where it existed, but to keep it from spreading to other countries.

29. Marshall Plan: (Part of the Truman Doctrine) It provided nations in war-torn Europe with much needed financial support from the US. This was done to try to prevent ailing nations from falling to Communist Revolutions.

30. China’s Communist Revolution • The US sent financial aid to the nationalists in China who were fighting a communist takeover in 1949. • The communists under Moa Tse-tung won and China became Communist. • The US refused to recognized the new government and used their veto power to keep China out of the UN.

31. Korean War 1950-1953 • North Korea-Communist • South Korea-Democratic • Divided at the 38th parallel. • North Korea invaded S. Korea and the US stepped in to help. The US pushed the N. Koreans back close to China . China threatened to enter the war and the US backed down. The war ended as a stalemate with the land divided once again at the 38th parrallel.

32. China’s Communist Revolution • The US sent financial aid to the Nationalists in Japan who were fighting a communist takeover in 1949. • The communists under Mao Tse-tung won and China became Communist. • The US refused to recognize the new government and used their veto power to keep China out of the UN.

33. Do Questions for Section D • On Elearn, do “Questions for Section D.”

34. Section E

35. Joseph McCarthy • A US senator who was convinced that communists had infiltrated high levels of government and the military. At first, Communist aggression in Korea served to help McCarthy and his ideas were popular. • However, by June of 1954, most Americans thought McCarthy was simply paranoid and the fear subsided.

36. Cuban Revolution (1959) • Fidel Castro led the revolution to overthrow the Cuban Government and became the new communist leader of the country. President Eisenhower broke off all diplomatic relations with Cuba. Castro allied himself to the USSR.

37. The Bay of Pigs (1961) • The CIA trained 1500 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba. The invasion landed in the Bay of Pigs and was a huge failure. • The US denied involvement and abandoned the imprisoned exiles.

39. Cuban Missile Crisis • Castro feared invasion from the US and sought a strong ally in the USSR. So, he allowed the USSR to secretly put nuclear missiles in Cuba. • US spy planes spotted the missiles and Kennedy authorized a naval blockade of the island. • For 13 days-the US and USSR stood at the brink of nuclear war.

41. The Vietnam War • North Vietnam: Communist • South Vietnam: Democratic • Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite Vietnam under Communism. • President Johnson vowed to keep South Vietnam out of Communist hands.

42. Tet Offensive • 1968- Viet Cong launched a major attack against US forces. • The US was able to turn them back, but it showed that the communist could launch a coordinated attack. It also led to public outcry that the war should be abandoned.

43. Opposition at Home • Some people were for the war. • Some people felt that the Government was limited the ability of the military to win the war. • Others felt that Americans should not be fighting and dying for someone else’s country.

44. The US finally realized that the Vietnamese would not give up and they began withdrawing troops in 1973. By 1975, North Vietnam had won the war and Vietnam became a communist country.

45. Do Questions for Section E • On Elearn, do “Questions for Section E.”

46. Section F

47. Social Change

48. a. Compare and Contrast the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) tactics; include sit-ins, freedom rides, and changing composition. • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): Believed in making changes through the courts. Organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks) and Dr. King was it’s leader.

49. Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): Wanted to create change through non-violent protests.

50. Both groups used tactics such: • Sit-ins: blacks would peacefully sit in segregated places until they were served or arrested) • Freedom-rides: groups of blacks and whites who rode buses across the country to test bus integration. The bus was attacked in Alabama and the riders were arrested in Mississippi. This helped to bring national attention to Civil Rights.