Why the need for a scoping review and for primary research?

2. Why the need for a scoping review and for primary research?

3. Scoping review • Contributing factors to teenage pregnancy and effectiveness of prevention programs

5. Factors

6. Aims • What evidence is there on factors at the individual level associated with teenage pregnancy, with a focus on adolescents in the UK?

7. Factors associated with pregnancy and early parenthood

9. Conclusions • Enjoying school, having positive expectations for the future and having high locus of control all help delaying teen pregnancy and early childbearing. • Dislike of school, low expectations of being in higher education or high expectations of becoming a parent by age 20 are associated with teen pregnancy and parenthood.

10. 2: Interventions addressing factors at the individual level

11. Factors

12. Aim • Map the evidence from reviews of reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and other reviews on the effectiveness of interventions that address the individual factors associated with teenage pregnancy.

13. Summary of findings By type of Setting • Community • Schools • Clinic programs • Combination of settings

14. Interventions

15. Conclusions • Fairly good number of reviews on interventions addressing factors associated with teen pregnancy and childbearing. • Promising programs which address factors at the individual level include community based interventions, youth development programmes and multi-faceted programmes.

17. My research • Objectives: • Investigate the unique local attitudes and views on teenage pregnancy and parenthood; • Explore the underlying factors leading to teenage pregnancy and parenthood; • Identify effective pregnancy prevention programmes which address these factors.

18. Participants

19. Findings

24. Rethinking sexual education

25. Improving sexual health services • Accessibility • More youth friendly

26. Have a focus/purpose in life • More activities and places for young people • Availability of work and making other things more appealing • Vocational/volunteering

27. Tackle alcohol “There is nothing that can be done” Tools: Put the age/prices up More surveillance Have more things to do Punish people that buy alcohol for young people Change the image

28. Parental strategies • Active role in guiding and educating children • Work in partnership with other professionals

30. Conclusions There is no single certain reason why young people have children. The factors related to teenage pregnancy that emerged from this research mirror the existing international and national evidence However, some factors are perceived as being more important than others (e.g. social norms) There is no one strategy that works in every situation and for every young person.

31. Recommendations • 1. Increased accessibility to sexual health services • 2. Improvement in sex education • 3. Peer led approaches • 4. Social norms interventions • 5. Role models approaches • 6. More youth work interventions • 7. Tackle alcohol consumption among young people • 8. Working in partnership

32. Stages of change model (Prochaska and DiClemente's (1992)