The ridges on the sides of coins are called reeding or milling.

1. “We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.” ― Kurt Vonnegut The ridges on the sides of coins are called reeding or milling.

3. The Scramble for Africa Main Idea In the late 1800s and early 1900s, European powers claimed land in much of Africa.

4. European countries controlled only small part of Africa in 1880; but by 1914 only Ethiopia, Liberia remained independent. European powers rapidly divided Africa Period known as “Scramble for Africa” Most visible example of new imperialism New imperialism not based on settlement of colonies European powers worked to directly govern large areas occupied by non-European peoples Driven by economic interests (raw materials), political competition (Nationalism),cultural motives The New Imperialism

7. Cultural Motives Rule Justified • European imperialists felt superior to non-European peoples • Some began to argue humanitydivided into distinct peoples, races • Claimed biological differences existed between races • Racist view—people of European descent superior to people of African, Asian descent • As result, some Europeans believed rule in Africa justified • Teaching Africans good government • Some imperialists believed actions noble, their duty to educate those considered inferior • Social Darwinism - certain nations, races more fit than others; “fit” nations came to rule over “less fit” nations • Referred to their influence in Africa as “the white man’s burden,” after poem by Rudyard Kipling Cultural Motives In addition to practical matters of economics and politics, the new imperialism was motivated by cultural attitudes.

8. Take up the White Man's burden—  In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terror  And check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,  An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,  And work another's gain.

9. Find the Main Idea What were some reasons that European powers scrambled to claim colonies in Africa? Answer(s): for their own economic interests; to compete with one another, and to teach the Africans good government, European customs, and Christian values

10. Scientific Advances Protection New Developments • Africa, huge continent, rugged terrain; travel, control difficult • 1800s, scientific advances made travel, control in Africa easier • Discovery of drug quinine helped Europeans protect selves against malaria • Automatic machine gun created strong military advantage • Development of telegraphs, railroads, steamships helped Europeans overcome problems of communication, travel European Claims in Africa In the 1880s, driven by economic, political and cultural motives, Europeans began to compete for additional territory in Africa.

11. Division in Africa No Regard for Tradition • European nations competed aggressively for other territories • 1884–1885, European leaders met in Berlin to divide African territory • Tried to prevent conflict between European nations • Berlin Conference—for European nation to claim new African territory, it had to prove it could control territory • No attention paid to ethnic boundaries in dividing Africa Suez Canal • 1869, Suez Canalinfluenced Britain’s interest in Egypt • Canal linked Mediterranean with Red Sea, shortened trip from Europe to Indian Ocean; no need to sail around southern tip of Africa • 1882, Egyptian government appeared unstable; British occupied Egypt to protect British interests in Suez Canal; later established partial control as protectorate to ensure British access to canal

15. Infer How did the Berlin Conference contribute to the Scramble for Africa? Answer(s): set rules for the division of Africa among the European nations

16. The Zulu Ethiopia • Zulu people resisted colonialization more than 50 years • Zulu leader Shaka built strong kingdom by subduing several neighboring peoples • 1879, British invaded Zulu territory, annexed kingdom as colony • Only nation to retain independence by matching European firepower • 1889, emperor MenelikII modernized nation, army • 1895, Italian forces invaded over treaty dispute • Menelik’s forces defeated Italians African Resistance Africans did not passively accept European claims to rule over them. As European troops advanced on African territory, they met stiff resistance. Even without modern weapons, other Africans still fiercely resisted European powers – thousands will die in the conflicts.

22. Imperialism in Latin America Main Idea Imperialism in Latin America involved the United States and European nations seeking to strengthen their political and economic influence over the region.

23. The Mexican Revolution • Díaz’s Rule • Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821 and became a republic in 1823, but political factions struggled for control of the government • Conflict rose to a new level under Porfirio Díaz - came to power in 1861 • Ruled with iron fist; maintained law and order in Mexico • Imprisoned opponents; used army to keep peace at any cost • Modernization • Díaz helped modernize Mexico by encouraging foreign investment • Exports boomed; railroads expanded quickly; yet most remained poor • Wealth concentrated in hands of foreign investors, Mexican elite • The Mexican Revolution • Díaz controlled outcome of 1910 election; jailed opponent, Francisco Madero • Madero freed from jail; fled to Texas • Declared himself president; called for revolution against Díaz government

24. Diaz and Madero

25. Madero returned to Mexico, found rebellion spreading. Two men gathered support from lowest classes, began attacking government forces Francisco “Pancho” Villa led band of rebels supporting Madero’s ideas; disgraced Diaz’s government by capturing city of Juarez, 1911 Emiliano Zapata led group of indigenous peasants, called for land reforms Díaz soon forced to resign Madero elected president later that year; turmoil continued Within months, army chief Victoriano Huerta seized power, imprisoned Madero Villa, Zapata, and Madero forces revolted against Huerta - Huerta tried to stay in power, but resigned and fled to Spain Villa and Zapata

26. Villa and Zapata

30. Carranza Opposed Carranza Reforms • End of 1915, Venustiano Carranza had defeated rivals • Villa continued to lead attacks against Carranza government • U.S. backed Carranza; Villa retaliated, launched attack across U.S. border • U.S. forces pursued Villa back across border, but unable to capture him • 1920, Villa finally agreed to halt attacks, Carranza began nation building • New constitution allowed the government to redistribute land, limited power of church, protected citizens’ rights • Mexico still struggled with widespread poverty Carranza as President Venustiano Carranza declared himself president. Zapata and Villa refused support and the nation was plunged into another civil war.

33. The Spanish-American War • Sympathy for Rebels • 1860s, Cuban nationalists began fighting for independence from Spain • Many people in U.S. felt sympathy for Cuban rebels • Viewed Cuban struggle for freedom as similar to American Revolution • American newspapers urged United States to enter war • War Begins • February 1898, U.S. battleship Maine exploded in Havana’s harbor • Many American’s immediately assumed Spain was to blame • Congress declared war; Spanish-American War began • Short War • War disastrous for Spain • Spanish army defeated in Cuba, navy fleets destroyed in Philippines, Cuba • U.S. won war within three months

35. Treaty ending Spanish-American War United States received Puerto Rico, Guam Agreed to purchase Philippines for twenty million dollars Spain agreed to give up Cuba, but U.S. did not want Cuba to have full independence U.S. made Cuba a protectorate by forcing it to include Platt Amendment as part of new constitution Platt Amendment allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuba, approve foreign treaties, lease land at Guantánamo Bay for naval base Peace Treaty

36. Revolt in the Philippines • Status in Philippines • Nationalists in the Philippines, another Spanish colony, believed Spanish-American war would bring them independence • Instead became U.S. colony • Betrayal and Revolt • Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo, who cooperated with U.S. forces against Spanish, felt betrayed • Rebels revolted against U.S. • No Independence • Three years of fighting • More than 200,000 Filipinos died from combat, disease • Did not win independence • Ruling Philippines • Until 1935, U.S. ruled Philippines through governor appointed by U.S. president • 1946, Philippines granted full independence

42. Panama Canal Zone Monroe Doctrine • Panama declared independent, signed treaty granting land to build canal; became Panama Canal Zone, ruled directly by U.S. • 1904-1914, Panama Canal built – sea travel became faster • 1823, Monroe Doctrine declared Americas off limits to European imperialism, except for colonies that already existed • Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary -U.S. vowed to use military might to keep Europeans out of the Americas The Panama Canal and The Monroe Doctrine • U.S. gained control over more territory with building of Panama Canal • 1903, U.S. bought French property, equipment from failed canal attempt (1880s) • Colombia refused to allow U.S. to build canal • U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt sent warships to support uprising against Colombia