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Criminology

Criminology. Classical Theory Sociological Theories Labeling Theory. Classical Criminology. 18 th century writings Bentham, Beccaria : Utilitarian Philosophers

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Criminology

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  1. Criminology Classical Theory Sociological Theories Labeling Theory

  2. Classical Criminology • 18th century writings • Bentham, Beccaria: Utilitarian Philosophers • The basic premise in the classical criminology => Actions are taken and decisions are made by persons in the rational exercise of free will. All individuals choose to obey or violate the law by a rational calculation of the risk of pain versus potential pleasure derived from an act.

  3. Deterrence Theory • Deterrence: Certainty, Severity, and Celebrity of Punishment • Research result: severity does not deter. • Retributive punishments are introduced based on this theory.

  4. Modern deterrence theory • Deterrence theory and Rational Choice theory • The theory continues to attract many people because of its direct applicability to policy on law enforcement, courts and imprisonments

  5. Policies of Deterrence Theory • Policy makers => enhance severity • “Get – Tough” CJ policies - Restoration of capital punishment • Abolishment of parole • Indeterminate sentencing • Longer prison sentences for drug and violent offenders • “three-strikes-and-you’re-out” life sentences for habitual offenders • Direct filing of juvenile offenders to criminal courts

  6. Effects of these policies • The enormous increase in the number of prisons and unprecedented growth in the number of Americans in prison and under CJ supervision

  7. Result • Beginning in the 1990s => The official crime rate has been decreased. • The lowest levels since the 1960s. • Is this the result of these policies?

  8. Biological Criminology • Lombroso – Criminals are decided by biological factors. There are criminal men who are distinguished by their appearance • Psychopath – Hormone Castration

  9. Sociological Theories (1) • Social Learning Theory – Criminals are learned. Environment and parenting are important. • Anomie Theory -> Poverty is the reason of crimes. • Social Disorganization Theory -> Disorganized society caused by poverty is the cause of crimes.

  10. Sociological Theories (2) • These theories suggest that low-income, poor neighborhoods, poor parenting are causes of crimes. Rather than the free will choice of individuals • According to these theories, criminals are not responsible for their crimes. Society is responsible for criminals • America – Social Welfare Service

  11. Sociological Theories (3) • Based on these theories, correctional approaches are introduced. • Before => Prisons were considered as a place to punish criminals. • After => Correctional concept is introduced. • From Penitentiary (형무소) to Correctional Facilities (교도소) • Research results do not support correction idea.

  12. Labeling Theory • If criminals are labeled as “criminals”, they commit more crimes. Because they are labeled, it is not easy for them to find jobs, and people avoid them. => Difficult for them to live in society. • This theory is introduced to criminal policies => To minimize the labeling effect, criminal policies permit probations to non-serious criminals and no criminal record to minors.

  13. Summary • Criminology theories that affect criminal policies • Classical theory => the basis of retributive punishment • Sociological Criminology => the basis of “correctional” facilities • Criminal policies are trying to minimize labeling effect.

  14. Stanford Prison Experiment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwSC5fS40w&feature=player_embedded • http://www.experiment-resources.com/stanford-prison-experiment.html

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