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Uppers, Downers & All Arounders. Chapter 8 Drug Use and Prevention From Cradle to Grave. PREVENTION. Prevention Goals Reduce the Supply Reduce the Demand Reduce the Harm History Prohibition enacted in 1917 by 18 th amendment and repealed in 1933
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Uppers, Downers & All Arounders Chapter 8 Drug Use and Prevention From Cradle to Grave
PREVENTION • Prevention Goals • Reduce the Supply • Reduce the Demand • Reduce the Harm • History • Prohibition enacted in 1917 by 18th amendment and repealed in 1933 • Popular belief was that Prohibition was ineffective • However, it did reduce health problems, domestic violence, crime, and consumption • There was increased legal costs and bootlegging increased
PREVENTION • Scare tactics and drug information often included in drug information programs • Skill building and resiliency programs addresses the psychological roots of drug abuse by: • General competency building • Coping skills • Reinforcement of protective factors & support systems • Community-based programs are effective in getting entire neighborhoods to take responsibility for preventing substance abuse
PREVENTION • Public Health Model • Three factors: User, environment, drug • Prevention is designed to affect the user, environment and drug • Addiction is a disease in User • User contributes to the environment or social climate (neighborhood) • The agent or drug introduces the disease • Family Approach • Prevention approach provides the family with support, skills training and therapy along with parenting skills
PREVENTION METHODS • Supply Reduction • Legislative & legal Procedures • Prison • Asset Forfeiture • Prison population tripled between 1980 and 2002 to 2 million • 55% of federal inmates were sentenced for drug convictions • Outcomes 10-15% reduction, yet is deemed expensive
PREVENTION METHODS • Demand Reduction • Focuses on reducing demand for drugs • Primary Prevention: anticipates and prevents initial drug use • Mainly for young people • Promote abstince • Help young people to refuse drugs • Delay drug use • Encourage healthy activities • Secondary Prevention • Seeks to halt drug use once its begun • Drug diversion programs (Drug Courts) • First-time Offenders
PREVENTION METHODS • Tertiary prevention • Stop Further Damage from Drugs and restore abusers to health • Uses group interventions • Extinction • Family Therapy • Psychopharmacological approaches • Treatment results in 40-50% decrease in use • Saves $4 - $5 for every $1 spent • Harm Reduction • Focuses on techniques to minimize personal and social problems of drug use, rather than abstinence as a primary goal • Needle Exchange • Methadone Maintenance • Designated Driver • Controversial to zero tolerance
Cradle to Grave • Small towns and rural areas use more drugs than urban communities • Most significant change in drug culture is use of drugs occurring in earlier ages • Drug use in pregnancy occurs in women of all ages, ethnicities and economic backgrounds • 18.6% of infants exposed to alcohol • Fetal alcohol syndrome 3rd most common birth defect and leading cause of mental retardation in U.S. • 4.5% exposed to cocaine • 17.4% exposed to marijuana • 17.6% exposed to tobacco
Cradle to Grave • Youth in School • Most surveys under-represent the problem • More than ½ of juveniles arrested tested positive for alcohol and/or other drugs • Drugs and alcohol disrupt the psychological and emotional growth of children • Adolescents with physical, emotional and sexual abuse are high-risk for alcohol and drug use, abuse and dependency
Cradle to Grave • College Students • 80-90% on campus drink alcohol • 44% binge drink • Men binge drinkers outnumber women • Second hand drinking effects include • Assaults • Sexual assault • Unwanted sexual advances • Sleep and study time interrupted • Colleges have federal funds for prevention programs • Alcohol free dorms • Drug Policies
Love, Sex and Drugs • Impacts sexual behavior • Triggers sexual aggression • Sexual harassment • Date rape • General Effects include • Lower inhibitions • Enhancing performance • Increase fantasies • q
Love, Sex and Drugs • HIV/AIDs • 42 million people worldwide • STD’s • 333 million worldwide • Needle Transmitted Diseases • Hepatitis A, B, & C • Hepatitis C virus in 50-90% of IV drug users
DRUGS AT WORK • Costs • $140 billion in 1995 • $60 billion for drugs • $80 billion for alcohol • Loss of Productivity • Late for work • Absent • Medical Costs • Accidents at work • Sick leave • Legal Costs • Embezzlement • Sale of corporate secrets • Property damage during commision of crime • Increased security • More Lawsuits • Lost of consumer good will
DRUGS AT WORK • Employee assistance programs (EAP) • Provides counseling services, treatment and client monitoring • For every $1 spent on EAP, employer saves $5 - $16 dollars • Drugs in military • Drug testing began in 1980s • Positive result is grounds for referral to rehabilitation, or if that fails, discharge • Heavy drinking in military high than general population, 17% vs 12%
DRUG TESTING • Thin layer chromatography • Searches for variety of drugs • Unable to distinguish illegal from legal over the counter drugs • Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Techniques (EMIT), Radio Immunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme Immunoassay • Seeks out specific drugs • Extremely sensitive • Rapidly performed • Easy to operated • EMIT test can confuse poppy seeds for heroin or other opioids • Can confuse one of the chemicals in Advil or motrin for marijuana • Vicks inhaler can be confused for methamphetamine
DRUG TESTING • Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectometry Combined (GC/MS) & Gas Liquid Chromagraphy • Most accurate • Detects trace amounts of drugs through urine • Very expensive • Requires trained operators • Hair Analysis • Chemical traces of most drugs are stored in hair • Businesses and Casinos in Nevada uses it for drug screening employees