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LEARNING. by shirmeen ijaz. What is learning?. According to Feldman, “Learning is relatively a permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.”. Types of learning. Following are the types of learning Learning by conditioning. Learning by imitation/social learning.
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LEARNING by shirmeen ijaz
What is learning? • According to Feldman, “Learning is relatively a permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.”
Types of learning Following are the types of learning • Learning by conditioning. • Learning by imitation/social learning. • Learning by insight/ intelligence. • Learning by trial and error.
Learning by conditioning. It is learning by association or formation of some link. TYPES OF LEARNING • Classical learning. • Operant learning.
Classical learning In classical conditioning, learning takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Work of Pavlov • Ivan pavlov accidently discovered the process of classical conditioning when he was studying the process of stomach acids and salivation in dogs.
Experiment • Pavlov attached a tube to the salivary gland of a dog, allowing him to measure precisely the amount of salivation that occurred. He then sounded a turning fork and just a few second later, presented the dog with meat powder. This pairing, carefully planned so that exactly the same amount of time elapsed between the presentation of the sound and the meat occurred repeatedly. At first the dog would salivate only when the meat powder itself was presented, but soon it began to salivate at the sound of the turning fork. In fact, even when Pavlov stopped presenting the meat powder, the dog still salivated after hearing the sound. The dog had been classically conditioned to salivate to the tone.
Elements or components of Pavlovian conditioning. 1. Neutal stimulus: neutral stimulus is a stimulus that, before conditioning does not naturally bring about the response of interest. Example: In pavlovian experiment the sound of turning fork is the neutral stimulus because before conditioning it has no effect on the response of interest.
2. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally and automatically triggers a response. Example: Pavlov referred to the meat powder in his salivary conditioning experiment as an unconsitined stimulus (UCS).
3. Unconditioned response (UCR): The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that is natural and needs no training. These responses are natural and innate and are not associated with previous learning. • Example: In pavlov’s experiment salivation on the sight of food is unconditioned response.
4. Conditioned stimulus (CS) • The Conditioned stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formally caused only by the unconditioned stimulus. • Example: In pavlovain experiment, the sound of turning fork is the CS as after conditioning it produces salivation which was formally produced by UCS i.e food.
5. Conditioned response (CR). The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. Example: In the experiment conducted by Pavlov , salivation that occurs as a response to the conditioned stimulus is a conditioned response.
Principles of classical conditioning 1. Acquisition: • Is the initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened. Example: imagine that you are conditioning a dog salivate in response to the sound of a bell. You repeatedly pair the presentation of food with the sound of the bell. You can say the response has been acquired as soon as the dog begins to salivate in response to the bell tone. Once the response has been acquired, you can gradually reinforce the salivation response to make sure the behavior is well learned.
2. Extinction: • If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, then the conditioned response will disappear. Example: if a dog learns to associate the sound of a bell with food then the bell is rung repeatedly, but no food is presented, the dog will soon stop salivating at the sound of the bell.
3. Spontaneous recovery: • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. Example: When Pavlov returned to his previously conditioned dog a week after the conditioned behavior had been extinguished, if he sounded a tuning fork, the dog once again salivate.
4. Stimulus generalization Stimulus generalization is the extension of the conditioned response from the original stimulus to similar stimulus. Example: A dog who has been conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell of one tone, may well salivate to a similar sounding bell or a buzzer.
5. Discrimination • An animal or a person can be taught to discriminate between different stimuli. Example: If a dog is shown a red circle every time he is fed, then he will salivate at the sight of the red circle alone. But initially, the dog may generalize and salivate at circles of any color. If the dog is only fed when the red circle is presented and not when other colors are shown, he will learn to discrminate between red and the other colors.
Higher order conditioning Refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g, ball) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivation) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus. • Example: Prior to high order conditioning, the dog did not salivate when the ball was shown. When pavlov paired the sound of bell with the ball, the dog started salivating. After high order conditioning occurred, the ball alone produced salivation.
