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Speech Science VIII

Version WS 2007-8. Speech Science VIII. The articulation behind the acoustics. Topics. How do we create the resonating cavities? Anatomy physiology of articulation Systematic categorization of (German) sounds.

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Speech Science VIII

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  1. Version WS 2007-8 Speech Science VIII The articulation behind the acoustics

  2. Topics • How do we create the resonating cavities? • Anatomy physiology of articulation • Systematic categorization of (German) sounds. • Reading: BHR, Chap. 5 or 6 (artic. Parts) Kent, Chap. 5, especially pp. 171-194 P.-M. 1.4, pp. 43-59

  3. Vowels vs. consonants • Vowels have to form the vocal tract into a tube with one ([],[a, ])or two (most other vowels)main cavities. For this the tongue dorsum (which comprises the mass of the tongue) is moved up and down, backwards & forwards, • Consonants have to form an obstruction to the airflow. For this any constrictable part of the vocal tract is used: the lips, tongue tip & blade, tongue dorsum, tongue root, vocal folds

  4. Traditionaldescription Acousticallyimportant N.B., the tongue tip never protrudes – andyou can feel that it is behind the bottomincisors Tongue shapes for vowels (a reminder)

  5. Längsmuskel How does the tongue changeshape? Kinn-Zungenmuskel The tongue consistsof muscle fibres.Tensed musclesget shorter andthicker. These muscles change the Formof the tongue.PARTS of the muscles can be tensed too. Senkrechtmuskel Quermuskel

  6. How the tongue changes position Schädelbasis-Zungenmuskel Gaumen-Zungen-M. Oberer Längs-M.(Shape and position) Unterer Längs-M. Kinn-Zungen-M.(Shape and position) Zungenbein-Zungen-M. Unterkiefer

  7. The back part of the genioglossuscontracts to pulls the mass of the tongue forward. Probably, the inferior longitu- dinal muscle and possibly thefront part of the genioglossuspulls the tip back, allowing the front part of the dorsum to bulge upwards (to form the convex shape typical for vowels). Important muscles for corner vowels 1 [i]

  8. The hyoglossus pulls the mass of the tongue down to the floorof the mouth.. Both longitudinal muscles andthe back part of the genioglossusneed to be relaxed to allow the mass of the tongue body to bulge backwards into the pharynx.Possibly the verticalis musclehelps to keep the dorsum flat inthe mouth. Important muscles for corner vowels 2[A]

  9. Possibly the palatoglossusmuscle helps to raise the back part of the dorsum towards the velum. The front part of the genioglossus muscle and possibly also the longitudinalishelp to pull the tongue tip back Important muscles for corner vowels 3 [u] The styloglossus pulls the mass of the tongue upwards and backwards

  10. The “O.O.” muscle isresponsible for lip-rounding But the lips also determine the acoustics Lifting muscles „round the mouth“ muscle Lowering muscles

  11. Some more detail?

  12. i u y I I Y U U O e o I  E  aU aI German vowel qualities and symbols pure vowels diphthongs  (E)  a/a

  13. Now for the consonants • Where and what are the “obstructions” to the airflow? • They can occur throughout the vocal tract. • They can be of very different kinds • The tongue and lips are important (see vowels)but the velum also plays an imprtant role

  14. Articulators & places of articulation The places of articulationare at the top and the articulators (movable)are at the bottom The most frequent terms for places of articulation are marked. The articulators are notoften specified (exceptfor “labio-”)

  15. Places of articulation blade tip Articulators A mid-sagittal cross-section front back

  16. Articulators & consonants • To form the constrictions for consonants, articulators have to be raised to a place of articulation: The jaw is (surprisingly) NOT the main factor which determines the proximity of the articulators (observe jaw during the [b] closure for [bi] and [ba] Consider what muscles move .... the lips together the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge the tongue dorsum to the palate

  17. (Palate lifter) (uvula muscle) (Palate tensor) (palate-tongue muscle) (palate-pharynx muscle) Controlling the velum

  18. Gaumenspannung Gaumenheber tensor palatini levator palatini m. uvulae palatoglossus Gaumensenker palatopharyngeus The pharynx complex

  19. [n] (nasal) airstream (oral) [d] Oral and nasal sounds raised velum lowered velum

  20. slight complete narrow fricative approximant plosive Constriction complete closure, no acoustic energy turbulent airflow no turbulence affricate = sequence of plosive+fricative trill: vibrating articulator

  21. active passive upper and lower lip bilabial p b m pƒf lower lip upper incisors labiodental f v  tongue tip (apical) alveolar ridge alveolar t d s z n l r tƒs tongue blade (laminal) posterior part of alv. ridge post-alveolar S Z tS dZ front tongue dorsum hard palate palatal j C back tongue dorsum velum velar k gN x  uvula uvular X  vocal folds glottal h ? Place of articulation (German) Articulator place-name IPA symbol

  22. Manner of articulation Nasality Laterality IPA-Symbols Sound category Constriction closure plosive p t k b d g del. rel. affricate pƒf tƒs narrow constr. oral f v s z S C x X h fricative approximant j approximant or vowel glide central trill r oder R trill nasal nasal closure m n N lateral oral lateral approximant l Manner of articulation (German)

  23. Summary • We have seen how our articulators shape the articulatory configurations required for different sounds • We have categorized the sounds (of German) according to place of articulation and according to manner of articulation • We have seen the IPA symbols that are used to represent the sounds.

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