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Cytology

Cytology. Objectives: Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Investigate the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of a typical cell Compare animal and plant cells. Cytology. Cytology : is the study of the structure and function of cells.

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Cytology

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  1. Cytology • Objectives: • Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Investigate the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of a typical cell • Compare animal and plant cells

  2. Cytology • Cytology : is the study of the structure and function of cells. • Cytoplasm : is the area of space outside the nucleus but which is contained within the cell membrane. It contains the organelles and fluid. • The organelles are tiny structures in the cytoplasm which perform various jobs for the cell. • The fluid part of the cytoplasm is called the cytosol. • Cell

  3. Nucleoplasm • Nucleoplasm : is the area of space found inside the nucleus.

  4. Prokaryotic Cells • They lack a nuclearmembrane as well any other membrane coveredorganelles in their cytoplasm. • Considered to be “Primitive Cells” • Example : Bacteria & Blue-Green Algae

  5. Prokaryotic Cell

  6. Eukaryotic Cells • They possess a nuclear membrane as well as membrane bound organelles in their cytoplasm. • Example : Plant & Animal Cells

  7. Eukaryotic Cell

  8. The Cell Structure & Function

  9. The Nucleus • is the computer or control center of the cell. • contains the genetic material of life DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). • Long chains of DNA formChromatin. • Short sections of DNA along a piece of chromatin formGenes. • The Human Genome consists of about 30,000 Genes.

  10. The Nucleus • Let’s draw a cell that we will add to as the unit continues.

  11. Nucleolus / Nucleoli (plural) : is a dark spherical structure that is the site of ribosome formation. • Nuclear Membrane or Envelope surrounds the nucleus • Nuclear pores control what moves in and out of the nucleus

  12. DNA Structure The building blocks of DNA are called Nucleotides A nucleotide consists of a : 1. phosphate group 2. sugar 3. nitrogen base : 4 types adenine (A) thymine (T) cytosine (C) guanine (G) DNA consists of two nucleotide chains connected together to form a twisted ladder called a Double Helix

  13. Nucleotide Structure • Nucleotides look like this:

  14. Nucleotides • Draw a DNA strand with the base sequence A-C-T on the left side. Make the top left the 5’

  15. A T C G T A

  16. Organelles • Look in your textbook (175-179) to find the function and appearance of the following. • Record your finding in your notes. • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) • Golgi Apparatus • Lysosomes

  17. Ribosomes : tiny non-membrane bound structures that synthesize proteins. Proteins : composed of long chains of amino acids , makes up 75% of a cell’s dry weight. Proteins are important because they : (1) provide the main structural component of you (2) act as Hormones, which are chemical messangers (3) act as Enzymes, which control all chemical reactions in your cells Organelles

  18. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): membrane bound canals with a rough appearance due to ribosomes • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): membrane bound canals that lack ribosomes , hence the smooth appearance. Lipids (fats) are transported through the SER

  19. Ribosomes and RER/SER

  20. Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Bodies / Golgi Complex: • Is often referred to as the “cell’s post office”. • Proteins from the RER travel to Golgi, where they are : (1) sorted, (2)addressed, & (3) packaged into membrane bound vesicles called Lysosomes • Lysosomes

  21. Golgi Bodies and Lysosomes

  22. RER/Golgi Bodies • RER/Golgi Bodies

  23. Try this! • 1. Cells that lack membrane bound organelles are called _____. • 2. Cells with a defined nucleus are called _____. • 3. The openings in the nuclear envelop are called _____. • 4. Long thin strands of DNA are called _____. • 5. Coiled up strands of DNA are called _____ • 6. Dark spheres in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced are called _____. • 7. Canal network throughout the cell used for transporting material is called _____. • 8. The term ______ is used to describe ER with ribosomes attached. • 9. Protein are produced at the site of ______. • 10. Vesicles that carry digestive enzymes are called _____ . • 11. The “post office” of the cell is the _____. • 12. The canal network that transports fats is called _____.

  24. Let’s Add to our Developing Cell

  25. Back to your Textbook • Read (179-181) about the following organelles and describe their function in your notes: • Vacuoles • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts • Cytoskeleton • Microfilaments • Microtubules • Centrioles

  26. …another organelle • Vacuole – special vesicle that store water (water vacuole) or stores food particles (food vacuole) • Water vacuoles are small in animal cells. (2 below) Number in your notebook from 1 to 13 and identify the structures below.

  27. Mitochondrion • Mitochondria (plural) : is a membrane bound oval shaped organelle that function as the cell’s “power plant”. • This is where glucose is broken down to release energy during a chemical reaction called “Cellular Respiration” • This energy released is stored in energy carrying molecules called ATP. • It takes 36 ATP molecules to store the energy released from the break down of one glucose molecule.

  28. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 + enzyme 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy This energy will be stored in 36 ATP molecules. Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria. Mitochondria have their own DNA! ?? (Scientists think that the mitochondria was once a cell that was engulfed by another cell producing the first Eukaryotic cell)

  29. Anaerobic Respiration • - Breaking down glucose without the use of O2 • (+) quick supply of energy • (-) small amount of energy/build up of Lactic Acid • C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3 + E • Only 2 ATP molecules are needed to store this energy

  30. Cytoskeleton • Composed of protein found in the cytoplasm and provides a support system for the cell

  31. Microfilaments • Composed of actin and makes up most of the cytoskeleton.

  32. Microtubules • Composed of small hollow protein tubes called tubulins • Make up cilia and flagellum which are used for cellular locomotion

  33. …another organelle • Centrioles – 2 bundles of rod-shaped fibres that function in cell division • Only found in Animal cells

  34. Animal Cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome (free) Nuclear envelope Cell membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (attached) Centrioles Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion

  35. Plant Cells • Contain “Plastids”, special organelles in plants • A) Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis • B) Amyloplasts – found in the roots cells of plants and store starch

  36. Chloroplast • Found autotrophs • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll. • They are involved with the process of Photosynthesis. • Photosynthesis is exactly the opposite chemical reaction compared to Cellular Respiration

  37. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun light C6H12O6 + 6O2 The glucose created from photosynthesis can now be broken down through Aerobic Respiration to release energy that will be stored in 36 ATP molecules. Chloroplasts also have their own DNA ?

  38. What’s The Difference?

  39. Plant Cell Nucleolus Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Ribosome (free) Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (attached) Cell wall Golgi apparatus Cell membrane Chloroplast Mitochondrion Vacuole

  40. Animal and Plant Cells • Let's Compare

  41. Animal and Plant Cell

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