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A Comprehensive Overview of Ancient Civilizations and Their Impact on Modern Society

This article delves into the key characteristics and legacies of major ancient civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, India, China, and the Roman Empire. Readers will explore Hammurabi's Code, Egyptian beliefs in the afterlife, Greek mythology, and the social structures of ancient India. It assesses the influence of these civilizations on religion, governance, and culture, highlighting significant figures such as Hatshepsut and Julius Caesar, and touches on the emergence of Christianity, Islamic teachings, and the rise of democracies. Furthermore, it addresses the connections between ancient achievements and modern societal structures.

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A Comprehensive Overview of Ancient Civilizations and Their Impact on Modern Society

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  1. Ancient History Review

  2. Early River Civ’s • Mesopotamia (Middle East)-Hammurabi's Code (laws)

  3. Egypt • many gods • life after death • preserved bodies • Hieroglyphics • Pharaoh or god-king • Hatshepsut-Queen • King Tut

  4. Ancient Hebrews • Moses led Hebrews slaves out of Egpyt/10 commandants (laws) • Holy Land • After 70 AD Jews were forced from their Holy Land (DIASPORA)

  5. Ancient Greece • Mountains/rocky • City-States • Mythology- Greek Gods and Goddesses, heroes • Representative Democracy • Pericles- believed that citizens should serve their gov’t and their should be equal opportunity to serve

  6. Ancient India • Caste System- people belonged to certain classes • Bhagavad-Gita -story of warrior prince, written in Sanskrit (ancient Indian language) • Buddhism

  7. China • Developed on river • Mountains • Confucius-code of proper conduct, used in the Gov’t, social order, family relationship

  8. Roman Empire • Italy • Roman Republic elected representatives • Roman Achievements-roads (communication), aqueducts (water) • Julius Caesar& Augustus-Roman Emperor

  9. Decline of the Roman Empire • Internal and External • Corruption • Invasions • Christianity-Edict of Milan allowed Christians to worship in Empire, before believed in MANY gods • Impact • Representative government • Engineering (roads, aqueducts) • Art • Language basis of many European languages (i.e. Spanish, French)

  10. World History Review

  11. Islam • Arabian Peninsula/Arabic • Mohammed-prophet of Islam • Advances in math, science • Militaristic • 5 pillars (fasting, praying, pilgrimage)

  12. China in the Middle Ages • Confucianism-education, scholar-official • Yuan then Ming • Inventions- • Papermaking • Porcelain • Compass • Movable type

  13. African Empires • Saharan and Sub-Saharan • Salt and gold • Trading • Muslims

  14. Medieval Japan • Used Chinese writing system • Feudalism • Samurai-hired warriors who lived by code called bushido

  15. Samurai

  16. Medieval Europe • Feudalism- relationships • Catholic Church-all powerful, everyone was Catholic • Crusades-fight between Muslims and Christians over Holy Land • Kings vs. Popes- over power Pope Gregory vs. King Henry • Democracy-Magna Carta- limited kings power

  17. The America’s • Maya (Mexico), Aztec (Mexico), Inca (South America, Peru) • Many gods, sacrifice • Writing systems (Maya, Aztec) • Calendar System • Road system (Peru) • Pyramids (Maya, Aztec) • Aztec and Incan ended by Conquest (Spanish)

  18. Renaissance • “Rebirth”-focus on human achievement/humanism • Art, literature, science • Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Mona Lisa • Painting looked 3D, Christian themes • Shakespeare • Printing press-Guttenberg's Bible

  19. Reformation • Problems in the Catholic Church • Spanish Inquisition • Selling of indulgences or pardons for sin, corruption • 95 Theses-arguments against church • Martin Luther-faith only • Calvin-Predestination • Church of England-Henry VIII • Weakened Catholic Churches, new ways of worshiping

  20. Scientific Revolution • New scientific theories • Copernicus and Galileo (put on trial) - Earth revolves around the sun • Newton-gravity • Bacon-scientific method • Catholic Church again weakened-science knows some stuff too!

  21. Exploration • Exploration • Better ships and technology • Columbus “discovered” America • Disease spread • Slave trade • Europe wants to form colonies • Spanish destroy populations of Aztecs and Incans

  22. Enlightenment • Scientific approach to society • Democracy and peoples rights • Locke, Voltaire, • Americans declare independence from England based on Enlightenment ideas

  23. United States History (Our Country!!)

  24. 13 Colonies then Revolution • 13 English Colonies • British Territory in the New World • Factors that brought revolution • Great Awakening opened minds about themselves • Happened before Revolution • Discussion and debate

  25. Declaration of Independence • 13 colonies wanted to be free of mother country Great Britain • Life, liberty and happiness • Can change laws that are unfair • Listed problems colonies had with king • Declared Independence • Government should be “by the people” • Beginning of REVOLT/REVOLUTION!!

  26. Articles of Confederation, then Constitution • First attempt at Gov was A of C-did not work so wrote the Constitution • Construction • “The Great Compromise”- balance freedom and power w/ Senate (equal representation) and H of R (based on population) • Bill of Rights- protections for INDIVDUAL AND STATES • Hoped slavery would decline

  27. Principles of American Gov’t • Federalism • Shared between states and strong national gov’t • Separation of Powers • 3 branches of gov’t- executive (enforces laws/pres), legislature (makes laws) and judicial (reviews laws) • Checks and Balances • No one person/part of gov’t has too much power • Freedom of the Press-people can educate themselves, check on gov’t (watchdog)

  28. Political Parties • Stated w/ debates of Constitution • Federalist vs Anti-Federalists

  29. Rebellions • Shay’s Rebellion (1786) • Massachusetts • End of Articles of Confederation • Showed need for strong central gov’t • The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Whiskey Tax • Farmer’s • Showed governments new authority • Put down quickly, Pres showed up!

  30. Washington’s Farewell • Unity • No political parties • No debt

  31. Growing Bigger • 1803 Louisiana Purchase • Lewis and Clark-explored LP trying to find way to Pacific Ocean

  32. Nation’s Literature/Art • Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper • America’s sense of identity • Native Americans • Nature

  33. War of 1812 • Another war w/ Britain • British disrespect of shipping rights and Native American • When British withdrew NA not able to stop settlers

  34. New Policies • Monroe Doctrine • Think “NO” to Europeans in North and South America • Manifest Destiny • Its our FATE to move westward to the Pacific Ocean • Native America treaties ignored

  35. Fighting for Rights because not everyone had them • Abolitionists • Wanted slavery “abolished” • Frederick Douglass • Former slave • North Star • William Lloyd Garrison, too • Women’s Rights • Seneca Falls-wanted suffrage or right to vote • Focused in northeast part of country • Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

  36. Meanwhile in the South Cotton is King!! Cotton Gin Plantation owners rule… Slavery Free blacks-could not vote or get an education

  37. Jackson • Indian Removal Act • Trail of Tears

  38. Texan Independence & Mex-Amer War • Texas belonged to Mexico-Lone Star Republic • Texas dispute=war • New territory

  39. Slave vs Free States • State’s Rights Doctrine-states could break away and didn’t have to follow all laws

  40. North Vs. South • North • Movement to cities • Cold Climate • Poor for farming • industrialization • Textiles (fabric) • Factories • South • Few cities • Slave work • Agriculture • Farming/cotton/tobacco • Warm Climate • Good for farming

  41. RED=UNION OR YANKEES BLUE=CONFEDERATES OR REBELS

  42. The Civil War • Lincoln is President • Goal as president: to maintain UNITY-the South had seceded • Gettysburg Address • Like the Dec of Independence • SELF GOVERNMENT & HUMAN RIGHTS

  43. Lincoln’s 2ndInaugual Address (was voted president again during the Civil War) • “With malice toward none; with charity for • all; with firmness in the right, as God gives • us to see the right, let us strive on to finish • the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s • wounds; to care for him who shall have • borne the battle, and for his widow and • orphan, to do all which may achieve and • cherish a just and lasting peace among • ourselves, and with all nations.” • After the war, Lincoln wants to rebuild and make peace with the South

  44. During the Civil War • South wins a lot of battles in the beginning the South has a military background BUT • Later on…the Union defeats the South • WHY?? North has more: • MONEY • INFASTRUCTURE (ROADS, TRAINS, HARBORS/SHIPS) • Strategy: Union cuts off Southern ports and prevents Confederates from selling cotton to Europe

  45. Richmond, VA

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