Reevaluating Human-Chimp DNA Similarity: A Fresh Perspective

Sermons From Science -- Feb 2016科学布道-- 2016年2月 Sermons from Science have been published in both YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the website http://ChristCenterGospel.org since 2011. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all the glory. Pastor Chui http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 1/7/2020 1

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • The Answers In Genesis website published an article written byFrost Smith on December 30, 2015. I now quote his article below: • “Often scientific reports or mainstream media claim 99% identical comparisons between human and chimp genomes. The number has been dropping in some circles recently, but is still on the order of 95+%. There is inherent bias in these calculations because significant lengths of DNA that are quite different between the two species are omitted from the results. A very simplified comparison would be comparing blue jeans (pardon the pun) with cut-off jeans. The fact that the legs are missing on one is discounted and only the upper portion is compared, with particular emphasis on the comparison of the rivets, buttons, pockets, topstitching, and zipper, but not much comparison on the brand, color, or the quality of the fabric. 1/7/2020 2

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • In a similar way, gaps or missing portions (like the missing legs on the cut-off jeans) and regulatory portions (like the fabric) from one are typically ignored, and only gene-rich segments of DNA are analyzed (like pockets, buttons, and rivets). Taking all those things into account, in 2012 creationist scientists Drs. Tomkins and Bergman came up with an overall similarity of around 81%—quite a difference! Other researchers have come up with even lower percent similarity, averaging around 70%. In 2013, Tomkins tested alignment of each chimpanzee chromosome against its human counterpart and only found an overall genome similarity of about 70%, which was published in Answers Research Journal. 1/7/2020 3

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 Figure 1. A schematic showing the alignment of DNA bases used for comparison between humans and chimps. Note that considerably longer regions to the left and right of aligned regions that do not show similarities and small regions within aligned regions are often omitted from calculations of overall similarity, artificially inflating this number. Image reproduced from Tomkins and Bergman, “Genomic Monkey Business ... ” http://creation.com/human-chimp-dna-similarity-re-evaluated. 1/7/2020 4

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “BLASTN Away at Percent Similarity • “BLASTN, an online program (an algorithm, actually) that many scientists use to compare the sequence of DNA bases comprising the genomes of organisms, occasionally gets updated as any software. In 2014, a programmer reported a bug in BLASTN to Dr. Tomkins. At that point, Dr. Tomkins noticed that the most recent versions seemed to be omitting many results that weren’t at least 98% similar to the target human base sequences. Dr. Tomkins decided to investigate using six versions of this algorithm, including the recent versions in question. Additionally, he used two other common algorithms for DNA comparison, Nucmer and LASTZ. 1/7/2020 5

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “Both the earlier version of BLASTN and Nucmer returned an average of 88% identity overall between the human and chimp compared chromosomes. LASTZ returned a surprisingly lower average of only 73% matching. Dr. Tomkins suggested more research into the LASTZ program to investigate this. 1/7/2020 6

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “Taking the more reliable results provided by the earlier BLASTN version corroborated by the whole chromosome alignments of Nucmer obtained in this study, it is likely that the 88% similarity number is considerably more accurate than other methods to date. Additionally, studies show that chimpanzees have a genome size about 8% larger than humans, so “the actual genome similarity with human, even using the high end estimate of 88% for just the alignable regions, is realistically only about 80% or less when the cytogenetic data is taken into account,” according to the latest Tomkins study. 1/7/2020 7

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 1/7/2020 8

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “Why Are Evolutionists’ Numbers So High? • “CHIMPANZEE SEQUENCES WERE ASSEMBLED USING THE HUMAN GENOME AS A FRAMEWORK AND THE PROGRAM’S PARAMETERS OMITTED NON-ALIGNABLE SEQUENCES. • “The premier publication comparing the human and chimpanzee genome was from the Chimpanzee Genome Sequencing Consortium in 2005. But the methodology was biased: chimpanzee sequences were assembled using the human genome as a framework and the program’s parameters omitted non-alignable sequence. 1/7/2020 9

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “So if you assume humans and chimps are related, match up the DNA sequences based solely on evolutionary bias, match only the most similar regions, and ignore the rest (consider that humans have 23 chromosome pairs and chimps have 24 pairs), you’ll come up with some pretty high similarity, too! A 2012 Journal of Creation (JoC)paper sheds some light on some of these earlier studies, reporting bias beginning even in the selection of sequences to compare. One study even admitted to some “quality control,” where one-third of the chimp sequences were thrown out before the comparison because they didn’t have enough of a human match. In other early studies, unintentional human contamination aside, “human sequence contamination is . . . added to fill in putative missing chimp sequences.” 1/7/2020 10

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “Is the Test Tube 80% Full or 20% Empty? • “Looking at Tomkins’ lower percentages may give some a sigh of relief, but the fact that we’re even 80% similar is disconcerting to many, or perhaps causes evolutionists to still assert common ancestry. But step outside either paradigm for a moment and consider how all plants and animals must function together, sharing organic material and using the same inorganic resources. Life simply wouldn’t work on this planet without some degree of sameness. The biologic functions that we all share involve the same mechanics: intake, metabolism, mobility, output, and so on. While there are numerous ways this is accomplished throughout the animal and plant kingdom, there are still these basic functions on even a cellular level, as well as a “macroorganism” and environmental level. 1/7/2020 11

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “LOOKING AT THE NUMBERS OF ACTUAL BASES PUTS THE PROBLEM IN EVEN CLEARER LIGHT. • “And consider what that 20% difference means. There are roughly 20,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome. That would be a difference of roughly 4,000 proteins. And given that we expect there to be some commonality in proteins, for example, digestive enzymes, that 80% should be looking a bit less impressive. And keep in mind that less than 5% of the human genome contains protein-coding sequences. Looking at the numbers of actual bases puts the problem in even clearer light. Conservatively, if the human genome is over 3,000,000,000 base pairs, and the difference is 20%, that is 600,000,000 base pair differences just between humans and chimps! That adds up to a lot of evolution when you consider all the organisms in the kingdoms of life—that couldn’t happen even in 6 billion years, especially considering the changes that are kept have to be viable, too! 1/7/2020 12

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “God created one world and made it a beautiful place for his creations to live together and thrive. Why wouldn’t He use good and common designs? Those things that aren’t good are a result of the Curse on creation that God pronounced in response to man’s desire to try to be a god himself in the Garden of Eden. And still we are looking for a way to not give God the glory He deserves for His creation, because we’re back to our jean analogy with evolutionists only lining up rivets, pockets, and zippers and ignoring the rest, trying to make it seem simpler for a godless process. 1/7/2020 13

A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity重新审查人与黑猩猩的DNA相似 • “We will agree with them on the fact that the “jeans” all have one “designer” and contain similar materials and functional designs. But the Bible-believer’s designer is the God of the Bible, who created all things after their kind and pronounced His creation “very good” in Genesis 1. Consider the beauty, diversity, and complexity of creation and meditate upon Job 38–41. God is worthy.” • Thank God for the contribution of biologist Frost Smith. 1/7/2020 14

Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝 1/7/2020 15

The Miracle Tree奇迹树 The Answers In Genesis website published an article written byDr. Don DeYoung on October 1, 2013; last featured January 3, 2016. I now quote their article below: “Can you imagine a plant that is super-nutritious, grows rapidly without special care, has medicinal value, and provides chemicals to purify water in remote places? Well, imagine no longer . . . . 1/7/2020 17

The Miracle Tree奇迹树 • “More than one billion people worldwide lack access to clean drinking water. Contaminated water results in untold suffering and death from dysentery, typhoid, and other common diseases. Children especially are easy victims of unsafe water. That’s why scientists are so excited about the prospects of a new solution inspired by a tree appropriately called the miracle tree. 1/7/2020 18

The Miracle Tree奇迹树 • “This tree, known to botanists by the Latin name Moringa oleifera, is also called the horseradish tree because its roots taste like horseradish; and it is sometimes called the drumstick tree because of the shape of its seed pods. Long known in Africa and India, the tree is now propagated in tropical regions worldwide. Its leaves and bark are used for medicine, and the seed pods are highly nutritious. • “But that is not what has caused the recent enthusiasm. 1/7/2020 19

The Miracle Tree奇迹树 • “A protein in the seed pods effectively binds pollutants to itself while also killing harmful bacteria, including E. coli. This protein is useful for water treatment, but traditional methods were too complicated and labor-intensive to be of widespread benefit. Moreover, the water quickly grew new bacteria. 1/7/2020 20

The Miracle Tree奇迹树 • “These problems were solved by adding the protein to sand, so Moringa seeds now show promise for improved water treatment worldwide. Here’s how it works. The antibiotic protein is first extracted from the Moringa seeds. Then the protein is coated onto sand grains. The resulting product is called f-sand, short for antimicrobial functionalized sand. Water filtered through the sand becomes clear of sediment and free of harmful microbes. The sand can also be stirred directly into water as an instant purifier, and treated water can be stored indefinitely without deteriorating. Research continues to find commercial applications that will work well in remote areas. 1/7/2020 21

The Miracle Tree奇迹树 • “As an added blessing, the miracle tree grows rapidly, as tall as 9.8 feet (3 m) in a single year. The seeds provide a local, sustainable, biodegradable tool for improving water quality. • “We are surrounded by useful ideas and products, placed in nature by the Creator. Surely many wonders remain undiscovered. This suggests an entirely new approach to science: searching for the secret chemicals and “technology” that our Creator has provided for the blessing of mankind.” • “Dr. Don DeYoung chairs the science and mathematics department at Grace College, Winona Lake, Indiana. He is currently president of the Creation Research Society with hundreds of members worldwide. His website is DiscoveryofDesign.com.” • Thank God for the contribution of Dr. DeYoung. 1/7/2020 22

What Was the Pre-Flood Population Like?洪水前的人口是什么样？ • The Answers In Genesis website published the article on January 6, 2016. I now quote the article below: • “For as in the days before the flood, they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered the ark, and did not know until the flood came and took them all away. (Matthew 24:38–39). • “The New Testament repeats the truth taught in Genesis that only eight people survived the global Flood (1 Peter 3:20). Every person outside the Ark when the Flood began perished. How many people in all lost their lives at that time? The Bible does not reveal how many people were on Earth when the Flood started, so we can only offer educated guesses about the pre-Flood population. 1/7/2020 25

What Was the Pre-Flood Population Like?洪水前的人口是什么样？ • “Some people believe the population was relatively low. The Bible explains that people were extremely corrupt and violent prior to the Flood. It is not hard to imagine the world being filled with wars, diseases, and other factors that would keep the population in check. • “Others believe that Earth’s population was much higher. If the growth rate in the pre-Flood world was equal to the growth rate in 2000 (0.012), there could have been about 750 million people at the time of the Flood. However, given the extremely long lifespans prior to the Flood, the growth rate could have been much higher. Increasing the rate by just 0.001 would put the population at close to four billion at the Flood. 1/7/2020 26

What Was the Pre-Flood Population Like?洪水前的人口是什么样？ 1/7/2020 27

What Was the Pre-Flood Population Like?洪水前的人口是什么样？ A recent photo of the first deck of the Ark under construction. 1/7/2020 28

What Was the Pre-Flood Population Like?洪水前的人口是什么样？ • “The judgment of the Flood caught people unawares, just as the coming judgment (2 Peter 3) will fall on a world that does not expect it. Earth currently has about seven billion inhabitants. How many of them will be judged with eternal condemnation if the Lord were to return soon? We must share the gospel of Jesus Christ while we still have the opportunity, and AiG’s evangelistic Ark, opening July 7 in Northern Kentucky, will reach millions of souls with the gospel.” • Thank God for the AiG information. 1/7/2020 29

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • The Answers In Genesis website published an article written byDr. Elizabeth Mitchell on January 7, 2016. I now quote her article below: • “Evolutionary scientists claim they have traced the origin of the human throat—and 70% of our genes—back to gill slits and DNA in the lowly acorn worm, “our closest wormy cousin.” Should we swallow it? • “News Source • “Science World Report: “Evolution from Worms: 70 Percent of Human Genes Trace Ancestry to the Acorn Worm” • “Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology: “Our Closest Wormy Cousins” • “ScienceDaily: “Acorn Worm Genome Reveals Gill Origins of Human Pharynx” • “Huffington Post: “Scientists Map Acorn Worm DNA, and Learn a Lot About Humans in the Process” 1/7/2020 32

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “In an effort to discover the characteristics we humans supposedly inherited from organisms found in the Cambrian explosion, scientists have sequenced the genome of the acorn worm. “It's an ugly beast,” says UC Berkeley professor John Gerhart, leader of the project. Coauthor Daniel Rokhsar boldly claims, “Acorn worms are marine invertebrates that, despite their decidedly nonvertebrate form are nevertheless among our closest invertebrate relatives.” 1/7/2020 33

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Acorn worms look very different from chordates, which makes it especially surprising that they and chordates, like humans, are so similar on the genomic, developmental and cell biological levels,” Gerhart adds. Chordates include humans and other vertebrates as well as a few invertebrates, but not acorn worms. Chordates, if only as an embryo, have a bundle of nerves like a spinal cord supported by a cartilaginous notochord, a body that extends past the anal opening, and a series of openings in the side of the throat (pharyngeal slits). Reflecting the evolutionary presumptions that guide his interpretation of genetic comparisons, Gerhart says, “I'm interested in the origins of chordates, which, of course, came from non-chordates, and hemichordates like the acorn worm are the closest we have to this lineage. So it’s important to compare the development and genomes of our group, the chordates, with the hemichordates if you want to know what characteristics the common ancestor really had.” 1/7/2020 34

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ 1/7/2020 35

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “The Mouth Forms Second” • “Evolutionists think acorn worms, which have not changed significantly since their preservation in the Cambrian fossil record, are a living representation of the evolutionary link between vertebrates and invertebrates. All vertebrates and some invertebrates—like acorn worms—are deuterostomes, a word meaning “the mouth is second.” The mouth in deuterostome embryos develops “second”—after the opening for the other end of the digestive tract. This “deuterostome” pattern of embryonic development is found not only in acorn worms but also in starfish, sea urchins, fish, and all other vertebrates, including humans. Evolutionary scientists believe that this embryologic pattern is the evolutionary footprint of our shared history with these animals through a common deuterostome ancestor that presumably lived 570 million years ago. This genetic study, in the opinion of the authors, confirms evolutionary relationships between these very different kinds of animals, as well as humans. 1/7/2020 36

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Of course, the scientists could not actually sequence DNA from a common ancestor of acorn worms and vertebrates—that ancestor being purely hypothetical, existing only in their worldview-based imaginations. Instead, Gerhart, Rokshar, Simarkov, and colleagues sequenced the genomes of two of the 90 or so living species of acorn worms. Oleg Simakov, coauthor of the study in Nature, says, “Our analysis of the acorn worm genomes provides a glimpse into our Cambrian ancestors’ complexity and supplies support for the ancient link between the pharyngeal development and the filter feeding lifestyle that ultimately contributed to our evolution.” 1/7/2020 37

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Genetic Similarities • “The authors of the study report that 8,716 genes have similar counterparts (homologues) present in enough diverse deuterostomes to “imply their presence in the deuterostome ancestor.” In addition to the discovery that vertebrates and invertebrates like acorn worms share many protein-coding DNA sequences, the authors found that some sections of DNA thought to regulate genetic expression appear in all the different types of deuterostomes they sampled. The order in which many genes are arranged is also similar, suggesting that if certain groups of genes work together in one kind of animal they often work together in many different kinds of animals. 1/7/2020 38

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “The scientists found more genetic similarities between invertebrates than between acorn worms and vertebrates. Yet depending on how the genes are tallied, as much as 70% of the human genome’s approximately 20,000 genes (DNA sequences that code for proteins) have counterparts in the acorn worm and hence—by evolutionary reckoning—with the last common ancestor shared with our so-called “closest wormy cousin.” • “OF COURSE, WE EXPECT TO FIND MANY COMMON GENES IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANIMALS. 1/7/2020 39

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Of course, we expect to find many common genes in different kinds of animals. They live in the same world in bodies utilizing the same basic biochemistry and sharing many of the same basic needs. And like genes, many different kinds of organisms need the same or similar regulatory elements in their genomes. This does not demonstrate common evolutionary ancestry, just a common Designer—the Creator God. • “Furthermore, we are accustomed to hearing that we share about 98% of our genome with chimpanzees—supposedly our closest primate cousin. Such oft-quoted numbers are, as Frost Smith explains in “A Fresh Look at Human-Chimp DNA Similarity,” deceptively impressive. And as Dr. Nathaniel Jeanson points out in “Differences Between Chimp and Human DNA Recalculated,” evolutionists conveniently overlook the hundreds of millions of genetic differences that evolution can never bridge. 1/7/2020 40

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ This is an acorn worm. It has many gill slits—shown in blue in the diagram—allowing water to pass through its mouth and out of its body through gill pores. From this water an acorn worm not only obtains oxygen—as fish do—but also nutritious organic debris. The gill slits filter this food from the water. Photograph by user Necrophorus, viaWikimedia Commons. Diagram by user Zebra.element, viaWikipedia. 1/7/2020 41

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Gill Slits—Our Greatest Shared Innovation? • “Acorn worms range in size from 3 ½ inches to over 8 feet, and though most species live in shallow brackish water, some live at the bottom of the sea. The acorn worm pokes its acorn-shaped proboscis around in sand or mud, stirring up debris. It directs the debris-laden water into its mouth using cilia and collects not only oxygen but also bacteria, algae, and other nutritious edible organics by filtering it through its pharyngeal slits, or gill slits. An acorn worm can have hundreds of gill slits, equipping it for a very efficient form of filter feeding. 1/7/2020 42

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • ““What’s so great about having gill slits is the large volumes of water you can put through the animal to collect food; they allow high-throughput filtering and feeding, whereas other animals take one gulp, deal with the food in that one gulp, expel the water out the mouth and take another gulp,” Rokhsar explains. But the significance of gill slits in this invertebrate goes far beyond these observable advantages to the acorn worm and to an evolutionarily minded scientist speaks volumes about the unobservable past history of many other kinds of animals, and even humans. 1/7/2020 43

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Evolutionists believe that gill slits evolved in animals like acorn worms to make filter feeding efficient and then later evolved into oxygen-capturing gills and even later into various parts of our throats that have no direct oxygen-gathering roles at all. As Rokhsar says, “The presence of these slits in acorn worms and vertebrates tells us that our last common ancestor also had them, and was likely a filter feeder like acorn worms today. The pharyngeal area of these worms and of all deuterostomes is their most significant shared innovation.” 1/7/2020 44

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “NEITHER HUMANS NOR OTHER MAMMALS HAVE GILLS AT ANY POINT IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT. • “Neither humans nor other mammals have gills at any point in their development. Human embryos have several swellings along the neck, little mounds of cells that differentiate into parts of the jaw, face, ear, middle ear bones, thyroid and parathyroid glands, and voice box. Based on superficial appearance and evolutionary thinking, these folds and swellings were once called gill slits, gill pouches, gill arches, or branchial arches. Many embryology textbooks have abandoned this deceptive terminology in favor of pharyngeal arches—meaning “arches in the region of the throat.” But the authors believe genetic similarities confirm a gill slit origin for them. That’s why Rokhsar refers to the acorn worm’s gill slits as our “most significant shared innovation.” 1/7/2020 45

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Genes for Such a Worm as I • “The authors found that a cluster of six genes expressed during formation of the embryonic acorn worm’s gill slits corresponds to a cluster of six genes expressed in a similar anatomical region in many other kinds of deuterostome embryos, including humans. This cluster of genes consists of coding for four transcription factors—proteins that control the rate at which various genes are transcribed (from DNA into RNA)—as well as two common regulatory genes. Though this group of genes is not found in all the deuterostomes they tested, it was only found in deuterostomes, and they “conclude that the deuterostome ancestor possessed such a cluster.” They write, “We propose that the clustering of the four ordered transcription factors, and their bystander genes, on the deuterostome stem served a regulatory role in the evolution of the pharyngeal apparatus.” Rokhsar says, “We think this is an ancient deuterostome-specific cluster of genes that is involved in patterning the pharynx.” 1/7/2020 46

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “THIS GENE CLUSTER IS ONE MORE PIECE OF EVIDENCE AFFIRMING THE REALITY OF THE CREATOR WE SHARE WITH ALL LIVING THINGS. • “Well, Rokshar is right in saying that this gene cluster is involved in patterning the pharynx in many different kinds of deuterostomes—that much is observable! This gene cluster is involved directing the embryologic development of pharyngeal arches into sundry different anatomical structures in the neck region of diverse sorts of invertebrates and vertebrates. But these authors are incorrect in their conclusion that the common presence of this gene cluster confirms that these invertebrates and vertebrates share a common ancestor. On the contrary, this gene cluster is one more piece of evidence affirming the reality of the Creator we share with all living things. This six-gene cluster, of use directing the embryonic development of so many different structures in different kinds of embryos, is not evidence of a shared evolutionary heritage but of a shared Creator. 1/7/2020 47

Seventy Percent of Human Genes Traced Back to Acorn Worm?百分之七十的人类基因追溯到肠鳃纲？ • “Do we have acorn worm in our ancestral past? Not at all. Since the same basic biochemistry operates in all living things on this planet, it is not surprising that many genes and non-coding DNA sequences are similar or even identical. The existence of homologous genes, like homologous anatomical structures, does not scream “evolution” but is readily explained by the fact that all things—from molecules to man—were designed by the same Creator God.” • Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Mitchell. 1/7/2020 48

Reevaluating Human-Chimp DNA Similarity: A Fresh Perspective

Reevaluating Human-Chimp DNA Similarity: A Fresh Perspective

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