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HIV/AIDS 101

HIV/AIDS 101. Presented By: Nebraska Department of Education HIV/AIDS Cadre Team. Why is HIV/AIDS a problem?. It is estimated that more than one million people are living with HIV in the United States. One quarter of those people living with HIV are unaware of their infection.

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HIV/AIDS 101

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  1. HIV/AIDS 101 Presented By: Nebraska Department of Education HIV/AIDS Cadre Team

  2. Why is HIV/AIDS a problem? • It is estimated that more than one million people are living with HIV in the United States. • One quarter of those people living with HIV are unaware of their infection. • Every 3 ½ days someone in Nebraska is infected with HIV. CDC and Nebraska DHHS.

  3. Why Educate Youth About HIV? Of 9th through 12th Grades in the United States: • 46% have had sexual intercourse • 13.8% had sexual intercourse with four or more persons (during their life) • 61% used a condom during last sexual intercourse (among students who were currently sexually active) These Trends in the Prevalence of Sexual Behaviors were provided by the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. • Of 9th through 12th Grades in Nebraska: • 38% have had sexual intercourse • 10.9% had sexual intercourse with four or more persons (during their life) • 61% used a condom during last sexual intercourse (among students who were currently sexually active) • These Trends in the Prevalence of Sexual Behaviors were provided by the 2010 Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

  4. What is HIV? Human Immunodeficiency Virus • HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. • HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system.

  5. What is AIDS? Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • AIDS is the result of the HIV infection characterized by: • Helper T-Cell count lower than 200 and/or • Clinical signs of certain opportunistic infections • After a positive HIV test

  6. HIV Transmission The only 4 body fluids that transmit HIV are infected: • Blood • Semen • Vaginal Secretions • Breast Milk

  7. HIV Transmission HIV is spread… • By having vaginal, anal or oral sex with an infected person. • By having Blood to Blood contact with an infected person. • By sharing needles or syringes with an infected person. • By an infected mother to her baby.

  8. Transmission Sexual Contact Exposure • Male - to - Male • Male - to - Female • Female - to - Female

  9. Transmission BloodExposure • Contaminated Needles • Injecting Drugs • Tattooing • Body Piercing • Contaminated Blood • Cuttings • Menstruation • Blood Transfusions (prior to 1985) • Occupational Exposure

  10. Transmission Prenatal Exposure • During Pregnancy • During Birth • Breast Feeding

  11. How HIV is not Transmitted • Sharing saliva or kissing. • Sharing towels, combs, using eating utensils, and bathroom facilities. • Shaking hands, hugs, or touching. • Urine, sweat, snot, vomit, tears, or feces. • Coughing, sneezing or airborne. • Mosquito and other insect bites.

  12. How HIV is not Transmitted • Giving Blood (never been a risk). • Receiving Blood, Blood Components, or Blood Clotting Factors – since 1985. Today the chance of receiving an HIV-contaminated transfusion in the United States is estimated to be 1 in 2,135,000.

  13. How to Prevent HIV • Abstain from unprotected sex and needle sharing for drug use, tattoos, or body piercings. • Monogamous Relationship – (one partner) • Limit multiple partners. • Talk with partner about testing before beginning a sexual relationship.

  14. How to Prevent HIV • Use barriers such as condoms and dental dams correctly and consistently. • Avoid drugs or alcohol use to maintain good judgment. • Avoid exposure to blood products by using Universal Precautions

  15. Common Signs or Symptoms of HIV • Each person with HIV have different signs and symptoms as their infection progresses. • At first, many develop flulike symptoms followed by a period of no symptoms at all. • Later, some people may have severe or prolonged: swollen lymph glands, fatigue, weight loss, fevers and night sweats, diarrhea, yeast infections, skin rashes, and short term memory loss. • A person who has HIV can look and feel healthy and pass the virus to others.

  16. Benefits of Early Testing and Diagnosis • Allows a person to protect his or her health stabilizing ones immune system through early treatment. • Avoid unknowingly spreading the virus to others such as sex partners or mother to her baby. • Allows for risk reduction education to reduce or eliminate high-risk behavior.

  17. When to Test 3 to 6 months after engaging in risky behavior including: • Shared needles or syringes. • Had sex with someone who injects drugs. • Had sex with a man who has sex with other men. • Had unprotected sex with multiple sex partners (including men and women who exchange sex for money or other drugs). • Received transfusion or blood components before 1985 when testing of the blood supply first began. • Received blood clotting factors before 1985.

  18. HIV Testing • Testing for HIV requires a person’s permission. • Blood, urine or oral fluid samples are used. • The most commonly used HIV test does NOT detect HIV instead it detects the body’s antibody response to HIV.

  19. HIV Testing Process • All persons are first tested with the ELISA test. • The Western blot is most commonly used to confirm repeatedly reactive ELISAs (using the same sample).

  20. HIV Testing Results • A positive test result means: • The person is positive • Will always be infected • Can infect others • A negative test result means: • The person does not show signs of HIV and does not have the virus. • A false negative test result means: • The person was too recently infected and the test is unable to detect antibodies.

  21. HIV Testing • Additional testing could be required after a negative test if a person • continues to engage in behaviors putting them at risk for HIV. • did not wait the appropriate amount of time after possible exposure before getting tested.

  22. HIV Testing Options Confidential – results are not released, except if required by law Anonymous – names are not recorded • Pre and Post education/counselingare offered. • Available at private medical doctors, reproductive health clinics, NAPs, colleges & universities.

  23. HIV Testing Options Home Test Kits • Available at local pharmacies or on line. • Very accurate. • Completely anonymous. • Varying in price based on shipping options. • Little to no counseling or education offered.

  24. Treatment • Nebraska AIDS Project (NAP) Kearney, Lincoln, Omaha, Scottsbluff • Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services resource directory found at: http://www.hhs.state.ne.us/dpc/pdfs/NHCPC/ 2008HIVResourceDirectory.pdf

  25. Medication • Five classes of antiretroviral medications available • Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors NRTI • Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors NNRTI • Protease Inhibitors PI • Integrase Inhibitors • Entry Inhibitors • 31 different drugs have been FDA approved to treat HIV/AIDS • Currently there is no cure for AIDS

  26. HIV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases • People who have STDs are 2 to 5 times more likely than those without STDs to acquire HIV if exposed through sexual contact. • Increased susceptibility • Increased infectiousness • Same risky behavior/mode of transmission involved.

  27. Nebraska Law for HIV Testing • Informed consent must be in writing • Post-test counseling required with positive results • Testing must be made available anonymously • Notification to partners of possible exposure required • Minors may consent to STD testing; HIV not explicitly included • Opt-out testing of pregnant women

  28. HIV Transmission Criminal Statues • 17 states do not have a law making it a crime to fail to inform an intimate partner that you have HIV. • Possible penalties in states that do have HIV Transmission Criminal Statues range from probation to the death penalty.

  29. HIV Educational Materials All materials listed here have been approved by NDE HIV/AIDS Materials Review Panel. *These materials are available at NDE. • HIV and AIDS: Staying Safe, (DVD) (Gr. 4 – 6), ETR Associates • Jenny’s Locket, Book, (Gr. 5 – 12)* • Tell me about AIDS: Curriculum for students & their families, (Gr. K – 12)* American School Health Associations • Blood Lines, (DVD) (Gr. 9 – 12)* National AIDS Clearinghouse

  30. HIV Educational Materials • A Silent Crisis: Creating Safe Schools for Sexual Minority Youth* School wide,Michigan Department of Education • In Our Own Words, (DVD) (Gr. 6 – 12)* ETR Associates • Safer Choices: Preventing HIV, Other STDs and Pregnancy, Evidence Based, (Gr. 9 – 12), ETR Associates • Sunny “D’s and PHIVE-OS, HIV/AIDSPeer Education Groups*

  31. Resources • American Red Cross • Answer, Rutgers University • Center for Disease Control (CDC) • ETR Associates • Guttmacher Institute • Kaiser Foundation • Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SEICUS)

  32. HIV/AIDS Hotlines • Nebraska AIDS Hotline • 1-800-782-2437 • National AIDS Hotline • 1-800-342-AIDS

  33. Nebraska Cadre Team Judy Stewart Hemingford School District, Hemingford, NE jstewart@panesu.org Linda Miller Millard FCS teacher-retired, Omaha, NE thymetosew@gmail.com Sue Bokenkamp West Kearney High School, YRTC, Kearney, NE sue.bokenkamp@dhhs.ne.gov Teri Burns Hastings Senior Highs School, Hastings, NE tburns@esu9.org

  34. Thank you! Nebraska Department of Education Chris Junker, HIV Prevention Coordinator chris.junker@nebraska.gov Phone: 402-462-4187 x 166 Fax: 402-462-4177 Web site: www.education.gov/PEHealth/ HIVindex.html

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