1. Who were the “midnight judges”? Judges who received their appointments only hours before John Adams left office.

1. 1. Who were the “midnight judges”? • Judges who received their appointments only hours before John Adams left office. • 2. What is the relationship between the Lewis and Clark expedition and St. Louis? • St. Louis was the starting and ending point of the journey

2. 3. What law did the Supreme Court use in deciding Marbury v. Madison? • Judiciary Act of 1789 • 4. What decision did Jefferson make, even though Federalists had opposed it? • To decrease military spending by reducing the size of the army and navy. • 5. What motivated Thomas Jefferson to send Lewis and Clark to the Louisiana Purchase? • To learn about the West and find a river route to the Pacific Ocean. • 6. What motivated Lewis and Clark to bring Sacagawea on the expedition? • To serve as a guide and interpreter

3. 7. What was the result of the case of Marbury vs. Madison? • Marbury demanded that the Supreme Court exercise its powers granted by the Judiciary Act of 1789. • 8. What was the importance of the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison? • It established the principle of judicial review. • 9. When the House of Representatives had to determine the winner to the 1824 presidential election, how did Henry Clay influence the vote? • by backing John Quincy Adams • 10. How would you describe the power held by slave states in Congress in 1819? • Equal power in the Senate and less power in the House.

4. 11. How would you state why Southerners opposed protective tariffs? • Their region had little industry and relied heavily on imported goods. • 12. How would you generalize the beliefs of Jackson’s supporters in regard to his election? • A victory for the common people. • 13. How would you describe why more poor white men gained suffrage in the 1820s and 1830s? • Because many states eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting.

5. 14. What motivated the Sauk to fight with the U.S. government? • Because federal officials ordered the removal of all American Indians from Illinois. • 15. What was the function of the Indian Removal Act? • to open land in the Southeast to American farmers • 16.What does the phrase “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” reflect? • Daniel Webster’s opposition to nullification.

6. 17. How would you generalize the beliefs of states’ rights supporters? • The power of the federal government is strictly limited by the Constitution. • 18. How would you describe Henry Clay beliefs about internal improvements such as roads and canals? • that they would make trade easier and connect the regions of the country • 19. How would you express why Jackson vetoed legislation to renew the Second Bank of the United States’ charter? • He believed that the Bank was too powerful.

7. 20. What was the motive of the First Seminole War? • when General Jackson and his troops invaded Florida without presidential authorization • 21. How would you identify the source of funding for the Erie Canal? • the taxpayers of New York • 22. What influenced the works of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving? • nationalism

8. 23. Using the list below, how would you identify which of the following are related to the issues of nullification? I. South Carolina Exposition and Protest, II. Webster-Hayne debate, III. Second Bank of the U.S., IV. Panic of 1837 • I and II only • 24. When South Carolina passed a resolution claiming nullification of the 1828 and the 1832 tariffs, how did President Jackson react? • He threatened to send U.S. troops into South Carolina to enforce federal laws. • 25. In Worchester v. Georgia, what did the Supreme Court declare about the Cherokee Nation? • It was a distinct community in its own territory in which the laws of Georgia could have no force.

9. 26. How, with the technical advances of the 19th century, could workers more easily assemble products and replace defective parts? • because of interchangeable parts • 27. During the 1800s, what made the growth in communication, trade, and travel possible? • steamboats, railroads, and the expansion of roads and canals • 28. How did Samuel Slater’s occupation relate to industrial development of the U.S.? • He was a skilled mechanic in Britain

10. 29. In the early 1800s, why did young, single women from New England leave their homes? • they came to work in the Lowell mills • 30. What laws did Parliament pass because of people like Samuel Slater? • laws against leaving the country with mill machines or plans • 31. What best describes the occupations of most people in Europe and the United States, in the early 1700s? • farmers

11. 32. What is significant about the textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island? • First successful mill • 33. What increased competition for factory jobs in the 1840s? • the Panic of 1837 and a wave of immigration • 34. Before the War of 1812, why were Americans reluctant to build new factories and machinery? • because British manufacturers could produce large amounts of goods and charge lower prices

12. 35. How would you explain how Eli Whitney contributed to the Industrial Revolution? • He introduced mass production and interchangeable parts • 36. How would you compare the work hours of government employees and private employees? • Private employees worked 12–14 hours, six days a week • 37. What was significant about the steam-engine? • It was the first breakthroughs of the Transportation Revolution.

13. 38. What caused Charleston, Savannah, and New Orleans to grow into major port cities? • growing cotton trade with Great Britain and the Northeast • 39. Why did cities grow rapidly during the mid-1800s? • immigration and the migration of rural inhabitants to urban areas • 40. In the early 1800’s, why couldn’t the U.S. textile industry compete with Britain? • The lower British prices discouraged investors from building new factories and machinery.

14. 41. How would you express the purpose of Nat Turner’s escape from slavery? • to lead a violent slave revolt • 42. Why did enslaved parents tell folk tales to their slave children? • to teach the children how to survive under slavery • 43. The cotton gin revived the South’s agricultural economy; when did Eli Whitney develop his cotton gin? • during a visit to a Georgia plantation where he learned that such a machine was needed

15. 44. What states were covered by “The Cotton Belt”? • South Carolina to Texas • 45. What caused the slave trade to increase during the early 1800s? • growing and harvesting cotton and other southern crops required a large number of field hands • 46. What did cotton account for by 1860? • more than half of all U.S. exports

16. 47/. How were yeomen farmers different from planters? • They generally worked side by side with slaves, whereas planters had drivers or overseers • 48. Why did slave traders sometimes kidnap free African Americans from the North? • to sell them into slavery • 49. By 1860 what did many planters believe about the expansion of the cotton trade? • it had turned the South into a global power

17. 50. How would you classify the means by which most southern farmers transported their cash crops to port cities? • navigable rivers • 51. How would you classify the occupations of free African Americans who lived in southern cities? • skilled artisans • 52. Why did southern leaders refer to cotton as “King Cotton”? • because of the importance of the cotton trade to the South’s economy

18. 53. How would you classify the economic relationship between Great Britain and the Antebellum South? • Great Britain was the South’s main trading partner • 54. How would you classify the ironworks of Richmond? • One of the nation’s most productive • 55. Why did Nat Turner and his followers kill almost 60 white people in Virginia? • Turner believed that God had called on him to overthrow slavery.

19. 56. What was the greatest benefit offered by the rise of industry and growth of cities in the Northeast? • that people could own their own businesses or work in skilled occupations • 57. During the early 1800’s, what did abolitionists disagree about? • the degree of equality that African Americans should have in society • 58. How would you identify the abolitionist who once told an audience that he was a thief and a robber because he “stole this head, these limbs, this body from my master, and ran off with them.”? • Frederick Douglass

20. 59. How would you express the reason Angelina and Sarah Grimké joined the antislavery movement? • They rejected the views of their southern, slaveholding family. • 60. Of the following, Emily Dickinson, Margaret Fuller, Angelina Grimke and Ann Sophia Stephens, who wrote Appeal to the Christian Women of the South? • Angelina Grimké. • 61. How would you describe the movement led by Harriet Tubman? • Underground Railroad, a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitive slaves.

21. 62. Of the following, prisoners, slaves, the disabled and abolitionists, who was the Underground Railroad designed to aid? • slaves • 63. Where did the common-school movement get its name? • from the effort to have all children, regardless of their class or background, educated in a common place • 64. How would you classify the roles of Douglass, Truth, and Tubman in the abolition movement in relation to their race and former social status? • Key, since all were former slaves who spoke for the movement

22. 65. What is the significance of the Irish potato blight? • Irish immigrants came to America after starvation threatened their existence • 66. What is significant about the publication of the paper the North Star? • It was published by abolitionist Frederick Douglass • 67. What was written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention and was it based on? • Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the language of the Declaration of Independence.

23. 68. What was white northerners’ opposition to the abolition movements based upon? • on the belief that African Americans should not receive equal treatment and that freed slaves would take jobs away from white northerners • 69. From 1836 to 1844 in the U.S. House of Representatives, what discussion was prevented by the Gag Rule? • antislavery petitions • 70. What was significant about Oberlin College? • It was the first college to accept Blacks in America

24. 71. What is the main idea of transcendentalism? • To encourage people to follow their personal beliefs and rise above reaso • 72. How would you describe the views of Horace Greeley and William Lloyd Garrison relating to abolition? • Both were abolitionist. • 73. What did the Know-Nothings want? • to exclude Catholics and immigrants from public office

25. 74. What was the purpose of the American Temperance Society and the American Temperance Union? • to urge people to give up or to limit the consumption of alcohol • 75. How would you classify the movement led by Harriet Tubman? • She led the Underground Railroad Movement, a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitive slaves. • 76. Of the following, Ann Lee, Lyman Beecher, Dorthea Dix and Susan B. Anthony, who turned the fight for women’s right into a political movement? • Susan B. Anthony

26. 77. How would you explain the Southern reaction to the abolition movement? • Uniting in their defense of slavery. • 78/. Who was the empresario that brought settlers to the colony on the lower Colorado River? • Stephen F. Austin • 79. Who was the commander of the Texas army at San Jacinto? • Sam Houston

27. 80. During the Texas Revolution, who led the Mexican army? • Antonio López de Santa Anna • 81.Why was Stephen F. Austin jailed for a year and a half? • for requesting more self-government for Texas • 82. How would you explain why the Mexican government restricted American immigration and tried to enforce the ban on slavery in Texas? • because Tejanos were outnumbered by American settlers, some of whom were slaveholders

28. 83. What was the first capital of the Republic of Texas? • Houston • 84. Who did Santa Anna’s 1,800 Mexican soldiers attack in March • 189 defenders of the Alamo • 85. Where was the location of the Santa Fe Trail? • from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico

29. 86. How are the Texas Constitution and the U.S. Constitution different? • Texas legalized slavery and the U.S. did not • 87. How would you explain why Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren declined to annex Texas? • because Texas would have entered the Union as a slave state • 88. What was received in exchange for recruiting settlers for Texas? • Empresarios received as much as 67,000 acres of land for every 200 families.

30. 89. What motivated anti-slavery activists to oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? • They feared more slave states entering the Union • 90. How would you explain why Mexican soldiers launched an assault on U.S. troops in 1846? • because General Taylor refused to remove his troops from the border region • 91. Some politicians believed that the Oregon Country was needed to secure the growing U.S. trade with which country? • China

31. 92.. Forty-niners who arrived in California after traveling around the Cape of Good Hope or across the Isthmus of Panama were usually from which area? • Mexico or South America • 93. Who were Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson? • transcendentalist writers who opposed the Mexican War • 94. How would you explain Henry Clay’s position regarding Texas in the 1844 election • He initially opposed annexation of Texas and then halfheartedly supported it.

32. 95. Texas became a state in 1845; how would you describe why the Mexican government was angered by this act? • Because it considered Texas a “stolen province.” • 96. How would you describe the people who traveled on the Mormon Trail? • American Mormons fleeing persecution and Mormon converts from Great Britain and Scandinavia • 97. While northern abolitionists opposed the Mexican War because of the potential slave states that might develop in the Southwest, some pro-slavery southerners worried about which of the following issues? • New territories might ban slavery.

33. 98. How did German immigrant Levi Strauss earn his fortune in California? • by making durable denim work pants to sell to miners • 99. When did General Taylor first march his troops to the Rio Grande? • before Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 • 100. What treaty that ended the Mexican War? • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

34. 101. What was the disputed border region over which the United States and Mexico fought? • The Nueces River and the Rio Grande • 102. The Gadsden Purchase required the U.S. government to pay Mexico $10 million for a strip of land that included the southern parts of what are now which states? • Arizona and New Mexico • 103. Whatever their method of travel, where did most forty-niners arrive in California? • San Francisco

35. 104. What did “Fifty-four forty or fight!” refer to • he United States and Great Britain’s contest over the northern boundary of Oregon Country • 105. Why Why did most members of the Free-Soil Party oppose the spread of slavery? • Because they believed allowing slavery to expand would make it difficult for free men to find work. • 106. How would you describe the people John Brown intended to arm as a result of his raid on Harper’s Ferry? • Enslaved people and begin an insurrection against slaveholders.

36. 107. How would you describe the purpose of “personal liberty laws” passed in the North? • to restrict slave recapture. • 108. What was the purpose of the Wilmot Proviso? • the abolition of slavery in territories won from Mexico • 109. How would you identify the major issue dividing the parties in the election of 1860? • as slavery.

37. 110. Of the following, Whigs, Republicans, Democrats, and Know-Nothings, which party was united by its followers’ opposition to the expansion of slavery? • Republican Party • 111. How would you describe the issue which led to the Civil War and resulted in the Compromise of 1850? • Maintaining the balance of power of slave and free states in the Senate. • 112. How would you generalize the Dred Scott Decision? • Slaves are property and property could be taken to any territory.

38. 113. Why did they call Henry Clay the “Great Compromiser”? • He mediated disputes in Congress • 114. On what major factor did the Supreme Court rule that Dred Scott was not free? • Because his status, as free or slave, depended on the laws of Missouri, where his owner lived. • 115. The question of whether California would be admitted to the Union as a free state or a slave state was decided by which issue? • By Henry Clay offering a series of proposals to address all of the current issues of sectional disagreement.

39. 116. When Stephen Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska bill, how did southern senators react? • They agreed to abandon their plan for a southern railroad route if the new territory west of Missouri was opened to slavery. • 117. Of the following states, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and Texas, which was the first to secede from the Union? • South Carolina. • 118. How would you describe the Fugitive Slave Act? • A part of the Compromise of 1850.

40. 119. What happened after John Brown seized the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry? • He hoped slaves in the region would join him, but none did. • 120. How did California enter the Union? • As a free state. • 121. On what basis did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that Congress could not prohibit someone from taking slaves into a federal territory? • Slaves were considered property. • 122. In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced a bill in Congress that would organize which of the following territories? • The remainder of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories, each to determine the slavery question by popular sovereignty.

41. 123. What was the reaction of many southerners to Lincoln’s election? • They believed that Lincoln, if elected president, would move to abolish slavery. • 124. What happened after Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner on the Senate floor? • Many southerners sent Brooks new canes • 125. Which presidential candidate opposed the spread of slavery but promised not to support abolishing it where it already existed? • Abraham Lincoln

42. 126. What was Taney’s ruling after hearing Dred Scott’s petition for freedom? • As a non-citizen, Scott did not have the right to file suit in federal court. • 127. Of the following, Mobile, AL; Montgomery, AL; Richmond, VA; and Vicksburg, MS, identify which was the location of the first capital of the Confederacy? • Montgomery, Alabama • 128. Of the following, Washington, Winston, Jefferson, Mobile, which Northern Alabama county disagreed with Alabama’s decision to secede from the Union? • Winston County

43. 129. Why did a 700 member pro-slavery posse sack Lawrence, Kansas in 1856? • after a grand jury charged antislavery government leaders with treason • 130. Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe write her powerful antislavery novel? • after reading slave narratives and meeting fugitive slaves in Ohio, where she lived • 131. To aid the abolitionist cause, what did John Brown decide in 1858? • to raid a federal arsenal in Virginia, arm local slaves, lead them to freedom, and kill or capture any white southerner who stood in the way of his plan

44. 132. In 1846, what was true about the Wilmot Proviso? • It stated that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude should ever exist in any part of the Mexican cession. • 133. What was Lincoln’s campaign promise regarding the South? • not attack the South or try to abolish slavery in the South • 134. What did Winston County, Alabama, and the western counties of Virginia have in common? • They withdrew from their home state when their state left the Union.

45. 135. What was the main effect of the Emancipation Proclamation? • It made the Civil War a war against slavery, and the British did not intervene on the side of the Confederacy. • 136. What was the main result of Lincoln suspending writs of habeas corpus? • A person could be imprisoned indefinitely without trial. • 137. What can be said about the food shortage suffered by the South during the Civil War? • The South’s transportation system had collapsed and Union troops occupied several important agricultural regions.

46. 138. What was the main idea of Lincoln’s inaugural speech? • It repeated his commitment not to interfere with slavery where it already existed. • 139. Why did Lincoln want to prevent Maryland from seceding? • Washington, D.C., would be surrounded by Confederate territory. • 140. After Lincoln fired McClellan, who commanded the Army of the Potomac? • Burnside, Hooker, Meade, and Grant

47. 141. Robert E. Lee did not accept command of the Union troops because he could not fight against Virginia. • 142. What was the purpose of General William Tecumseh Sherman's "March to the Sea" through Georgia? • to destroy everything that might be of use to the enemy • 143. How was the South negatively affected at the Battle of Chancellorsville? • The southern victory was marred by the loss of Stonewall Jackson.

48. 144. What ideas showed how Abraham Lincoln expanded the powers of the presidency during the Civil War? • suspending the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland • 145. How would you summarize the importance of the capture of Chattanooga by Union forces during the Civil War? • They would then control a major railroad running south to Atlanta. • 146. What can be said about the significance of the Union capture of the city of Vicksburg? • The Union would have achieved one of its basic military goals, control of the entire Mississippi River.

49. 147. What can you say about the importance of Farragut’s victory at Mobile Bay? • Blockade runners could no longer use any port on the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi River. • 148. How can "Copperheads" best be classified? • northern antiwar Democrats • 149. What was the most important transportation advantage held by the North during the Civil War? • more miles of railroad tracks

50. 150. How would you classify the military leadership of the Southern army? • The South had more skilled military leaders than the North. • 151. How were southern ties to the land an advantage during the Civil War? • Southerners were familiar with the land upon which they fought, and they were defending their homes. • 152. How would you classify the southern belief that the cotton trade would win them foreign support during the Civil War? • Cotton Diplomacy