Brief Response

1. Brief Response • (a) Who were the Jacobins? • What form of government did they favor? • (b) Who were the sans-culottes? • What form of government did they favor? • (c) What did the two groups have in common? • (d) In what ways were the two groups different?

2. Brief Response • (a) The Jacobins were a radical revolutionary political club of mostly middle-class lawyers and intellectuals. • They favored a republican form of government. • (b) The sans-culottes were radical revolutionaries made up of working-class men and women. • They favored a republican form of government. • (c) Similar because both groups were radical revolutionaries. • Also, both favored a republican form of government. • Different because….. • The Jacobins were mostly middle-class people. • The sans-culottes were mostly working-class people.

3. The French Revolution Fails A Dangerous France Emerges p. 121

4. Why Failure? • The French Republic’s failure showed how vulnerable democracy is to the immediate needs of people. • Most people just wanted affordable food and jobs. • Radical policies disrupted reform that could heal the economy and society. • Invasions by anti-revolutionary forces also complicated things. • People finally preferred the dictatorship of Napoleon, to all the political fighting.

5. Suffrage: C • the right to vote. • All men would have the right, not just property owners. • How informed are Americans?

6. Maximilien Robespierre: C • Jacobin who rose to head the Committee for Public Safety. • He absolutely believed in protecting the revolution from counterrevolutionaries. • “liberty cannot be secured, unless criminals lose their heads” • He assumed dictatorial powers to protect the revolution. • He wanted to end slavery and promoted religious tolerance.

7. Reign of Terror: • 1793-4. Under the Committee for Public Safety, thousands of suspected traitors were arrested, tried, and executed. • This is called the “radical phase” • The brutal execution of the monarchy • The violent, paranoid rule of the Reign of Terror

8. Guillotine: “Humane”, scientific, beheading device used first in the revolution. • Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin developed it as a humane way to execute criminals. • It became a symbol of terror. • Dr. Guillotin, who criticized the revolution, wound up executed on it. • The guillotine would be used by France until the early 1970s.

9. Napoleon Bonaparte: C • 1797. Successful French army general, took an army to Paris to take control of the government. • French politicians sought to use him to help them restore order. • He outwitted them, told them and the government he was in control to save France. • later became dictator.

10. Nationalism: C • A passionate love for one’s country. • The French revolution was driven by this new force. • People were encouraged or forced to think of the country, • Oaths, • School • Flags • Statues • Memorials • songs • For most of European history, people barely knew the region they lived in, let alone the entire country.

11. Marseilles • Port city of southern France. • Revolutionary nationalists marching from here sang a marching song….. • It would be come the French national anthem.

12. End hwk • Begin class notes

13. p. 122, On the Execution of the King.Match any two for up to 4 pts. For execution Against execution Republicans have no evidence for any of the crimes. The actions of the Republicans are diabolical, savage, cruel, poisonous, villainous, against peace and happiness. • He lied to the nation; secretly planning treason. • Instead of protecting the French people, he oppressed them. • He worked against the revolution. • He used public money to support enemies of the people. • He paid foreign mercenaries to kill French people. • He manipulated the food supply to starve the French people.

14. Standards Check, p. 122 • Question: • They called for a new legislative body • Extended the right to vote to all male citizens • Abolished the monarchy • Established a republic • Executed the monarchs.

15. Biography, p. 123 • Question: • Snubbed earlier by the king and queen. • Growing up in poverty • He hated the Ancien Regime

16. Standards Check, p. 124 • Question: • Robespierre believed terror was necessary to deal with the enemies of the revolution

17. Standards Check, p. 125 • Question: • Moderates created • the Constitution of 1795 • a five-man Directory • a two-house legislature.

18. Thinking Critically, p. 124-5 • 1 • To deal with the political threats from other countries in Europe • To deal with domestic enemies of the revolution (counter-revolutionaries) • 2 • People weren’t as fearful of execution and began to look for more moderate solutions to political problems.

19. Standards Check, p. 126 • Question: • The monarchy was overthrown, • the old social order was gone, • the state controlled the Church

20. p. 127, Thinking Critically • 1. • David: • Napoleon is place in the center • Looks strong, powerful • Vibrant colors glorify Napoleon • Goya: • Dark colors, blood show French as fearsome and brutal. • Shows a sense of doom at the hands of the French. • 2. • French revolutionary ideology initially aimed to secure and protect rights and opportunities for French citizens. • The French atrociously denied the rights of other people’s in the act of protecting the French Revolution.

21. Brief Response • “To propose the trial of Louis XVI is to question the Revolution. If he may be tried, he may be acquitted [cleared of wrongdoing]; if he may be acquitted, he may be innocent. But, if he be innocent, what becomes of the Revolution? If he be innocent, what are we but his calumniators [those who tell lies about someone]? . . . his imprisonment is a crime; all the patriots are guilty; and the great cause which for so many centuries has been debated between crime and virtue, between liberty and tyranny, is finally decided in favour of crime and despotism!” • — Maximilien Robespierre • In the quotation above, what was Robespierre arguing for or against? Explain Robespierre’s point of view. Did Robespierre get his way? Explain.