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Brief Response

Brief Response. Some historians think that Paul was as important as Jesus of Nazareth in establishing Christianity. What evidence might those historians cite to prove their theory?. Brief Response.

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Brief Response

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  1. Brief Response • Some historians think that Paul was as important as Jesus of Nazareth in establishing Christianity. What evidence might those historians cite to prove their theory?

  2. Brief Response • Possible response: Historians might thing Paul was as important as Jesus in the establishment of Christianity: • Number of followers increased because of Paul’s work. • Paul and apostles spread to non-Jews. • As Paul’s writings became equal basis for faith not only the Bible. • Paul’s writings are largest portion of the Christian New Testament. • Paul’s missionary work established Christianity as a world religion.

  3. p. 40 England’s Democratic Tradition, 1215-present

  4. Lecture/Discussion • Material from your reading

  5. Why England? • The English were strongly influenced by Classical (Greek and Roman) knowledge as well as the Judeo-Christian tradition. • England, would conquer much of the world and spread modern Western culture to billions globally (becoming Great Britain). • Western Civilization has become the standard for most of planet Earth.

  6. Do you remember? What is Western Political Thought? • Ideas of cultures from Europe (mostly western Europe). Including, but not exclusively, (5) • Equality • Justice/Fairness • Free speech • Human rights • Ethics/morality • Love/ • Tolerance

  7. Divine Right. • It was common belief that all lords, including the king, got their power to rule the people from G-d. • This was reinforced by the Catholic Church (later, Anglican)

  8. Norman England • William the Conqueror • The Norman winner of the English royal power struggle, 1066 CE. • To what effect? • Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon cultures mixed. • Demanded loyalty from lords. • Used census to organized society. • EC: What does a census do? Why? • A census counts • Who’s in the country • How much can we tax ‘em • Today: where should government resources be applied? • Began a tradition of reducing Church power over the government.

  9. Monarchy Rising • Henry II: • 1154 became king. • ChangedEnglish law. • English law is the foundation for so many nations and international organizations today. • English law uses “common law”

  10. Remember? • Belief that monarch was chosen by god and had total power. • Divine right

  11. Common Law: • English legal tradition where there are no basic laws in a constitution. • English Law is based on….. • Earlier traditions, • Customs, • Earlier court decisions. • This standardizes legal decisions in the future. • Standardized law • Standardized punishment

  12. English Law • NOT! • Rather a modern skit of medieval law • trying to use reason (logic, proof) to prosecute a suspected witch….. • Be ready to answer when called….. • Who was the judge? • The local noble (lord) • What does the “judge” use to decide her innocence or guilt? • Reason, logic, • “scientific tools” • What else did Monty Python make fun of? • The Church

  13. Monarchy and Legislature Conflict • An absolute monarch • A monarch believing that only he/she has all the power to make national decisions. • Most European monarchs were such.

  14. Monarchy and Legislature Conflict • The Magna Carta limited the English monarch’s power in 1215. • Creates a legislature of nobles and churchmen that the English monarch MUST work with = Parliament. • By the 1500s the Stuart monarchs tried to restore their power. Did • not call Parliament to meetings • made decisions by themselves. • Because of the religious civil war in England, there was also a religious problem with Stuart monarchs… • They were Catholic Christian, • most in Parliament were Protestant Christian.

  15. Looking at the entire section….. • What will be the prime reasons for increasing conflictbetween the English monarchy and the people (Parliament)? (4) • Taxation • Government power • People’s rights • Religion (Catholic vs. Protestant)

  16. Remember? • ________________ law is the basis for English law. • common

  17. What is Parliament? (copy) • Since 1215, the Magna Carta, started a legislature in England that the monarch had to consult with in order to get approval to use treasury funds, declare war, etc. • At first made up of Church and noble leaders. • Later made up of nobles and high-ranking commoners. • Today--two houses • Lords (entitled nobles) • Commons (all commoners) • EC: its power is similar to what part of the United States’ government? • Congress

  18. The English Civil War • Charles Stuart (I) attempt to close Parliament and even arrest it’s leaders • Parliament assembled an army. • After 10 years, Charles’ forces lost, • he was arrested, tried, and found guilty as a traitor, and executed (even the monarch is subject to the law). • Parliament abolished the monarchy. • The new government was called the…..EC: • “The Commonwealth”

  19. “Commonwealth” • With only an elected legislature running the England’s government was now what type? • A republic. • Oliver Cromwell: • The Leader of the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War against Charles I • A Puritan Christian • When Parliament won control of the government, he was selected to be in charge of the government. • He soon grew worried about Parliament • Parliament argued too much and did nothing • Cromwell seized dictatorial powers claiming England was in danger. He became….. EC • “Lord Protector”

  20. Parliament’s Victory • By the mid-1680s, Parliament preferred a monarchy, but did not want the Catholic Stuarts. • They hired a foreign king • Prince William of Orange (the Netherlands). • Dutch Prince, husband of James II’s daughter • Protestant Christian, (like Parliament) • Agreed to give Parliament total control of nation. • Because James II left England peacefully and England’s government changed with no argument, this change is called….. • The “Glorious Revolution.”

  21. Remember? • The legislature of England was created in 1215 by the monarch being compelled to sign the __________________ • Magna Carta • It created a legislature that today is called… • Parliament

  22. remember? 1/18 • Why did Parliament and the English monarchs often argue and disagree? • Parliament demanded the right to limit the power (taxes, laws, justice) of the monarch to protect the “people” of England from dictatorship.

  23. Parliament’s Victory • With William’s agreeing to Parliament’s Bill of Rights, in 1689, a new government was established. • Also in the English Bill of Rights was “habeas corpus”: • ancient concept that one had to be accused of a crime in order to be arrested.

  24. Parliament’s Victory • With signing of the English Bill of Rights, England became the first “limited monarchy”: • Parliament has almost all power over the nation, including the monarchy.

  25. Limited Monarchy in the UK • Most monarchies in the world, today, are run the same way. • Most powers held by the British monarch, today, are ceremonial or ritual. • Worksheet.

  26. Remember? • The legal idea that one may not be arrested unless there is a crime is called….. • Habeas corpus

  27. Homework and Notes

  28. Standards Check: p. 41 (3) • Question: • William the Conqueror: • Required vassals (nobles) to be loyal to him • Introduced a census for tax purposes • Henry II: • Set up a justice system (nobles had the power before) • Based on common law • Used juries

  29. Standards Check, p. 43 • Question: • Parliament began to control the monarch by requiring him/her to meet its demands if they wanted funding.

  30. Remember? • A monarch controlled by a legislature is called ….. • A limited monarch (constitutional monarch)

  31. Growing Inclusion of Classes, 1700 to the present • The merchant and freed poor classes grew in power in a few hundred years and were made part of the Parliament through the…..EC • House of Commons • It now controls Britain’s government, today. • The political group (party) that controls the most votes becomes the….. • Ruling party • The ruling party chooses the person who will lead the government • Prime Minister (Britain’s PM takes weekly questions from Common’s members. Notice the noisy background banter showing support or opposition.)

  32. remember? • What English Documents increasingly made the people (Parliament) more powerful than the monarchy? (3) • 1215 • Magna Carta • 1628 EC • Petition of Right • 1689 • The English Bill of Rights

  33. Text, p. 45, Thinking Critically • 1 • The expensive Hundred Year’s War forced the king to ask Parliament for more Money. • Parliament then forced him to give them more power or they would not give him the money. • 2 • Disagree: MORE than just the monarch having to obey the law • Due process of law for all • Right to private property • Right to petition the government

  34. Standards Check, p. 46 • Question: English Bill of Rights: • Ensured the supremacy of Parliament • Monarch had to summon Parliament regularly • House of Commons controlled the “Power of the Purse” • Monarch could not stop debates or suspend laws. • Forbid Roman Catholic monarchs • Abolished excessive fines or cruel/unusual punishment • Affirmed “habeas corpus” (no arrest without a crime)

  35. p. 47, Thinking Critically • 1 • To do their job, members needed to speak without fear of retaliation or arrest by anyone, especially the monarch. • 2 • NO • Certain of the monarch’s powers we LIMITED, not eliminated. • Monarchs HAVE to ASK for permission but still make decisions for the country once they have Parliament’s consent.

  36. Brief Response • Read the excerpt. What events caused this document to be written? What was it meant to accomplish? Use a direct quote to support your answer. • Text on handout…..

  37. Brief Response • “Whereas, the late King James II . . . did endeavor to subvert [undermine] and extirpate [destroy] the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom. . . . The said lords [Parliament] . . . declare: • 1. That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. . . . • 6. That . . . raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law. . . . • 8. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free. . . .” • –English Bill of Rights, 1689

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