Cell Respiration

1. Cell Respiration An Animated Tour

2. Glucose Glycolysis Glycolysis If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

3. Glucose Glycolysis Glycolysis If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

4. Glucose Glycolysis ATP Glycolysis If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

5. Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate ATP Glycolysis If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

6. Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate ATP Glycolysis The process stalls here, because the flow of electrons (and H+ ions) stops. If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

7. Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate ATP Glycolysis Only 2 ATP are made. If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

8. Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate ATP Glycolysis In order to restart the flow of electrons in the absence of O2, the cell must FERMENT the pyruvate. If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

9. Alcohol Glucose Fermentation Glycolysis Pyruvate H2O ATP CO2 Fermentation I This process is IRREVERSIBLE because carbon is lost. There are TWO types of fermentation. They produce WATER And they produce CARBON DIOXIDE Yeastsuse ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION. They produce ALCOHOL If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

10. Glucose Fermentation Glycolysis Lactic acid Pyruvate ATP Fermentation II The pyruvate now enters aerobic respiration to “repay” the oxygen debt! During periods of intense activity, leg muscles operate without O2, using lactic acid fermention. This build up of lactic acid creates an OXYGEN DEBT (muscle soreness). Many bacteria & some animal muscle cells perform LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION. As activity slows, O2 can again reach the muscle tissue and the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate . . . In bacterial fermentation, lactic acid builds up in environment (sauerkraut or yogurt) & lowers pH. Pyruvate is converted to LACTIC ACID. If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria

11. Glycolysis Glycolysis Animation

12. Kreb’s Cycle Kreb's Cycle Animation

13. Electron Transport Electron Transport Chain Animation

14. Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvate O2 H2O NADH ATP ATP Electron Transport Chain Kreb’s Cycle CO2 FADH ATP Aerobic Pathways The H+ ions LEAK out of this space through ATP SYNTHETASE enzymes which use this force to PHOSPHORYLATE ADP ATP The e-power the ETC ion pump, forcing the H+ ions against their concentration gradient into the INNER MEMBRANE SPACE. And strip HIGH ENERGY e- and H+ ions from the fuel molecules. The electrons & H+ ions are passed to the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN for further processing . . . The Kreb’s cycle acts like a molecular blender, systematically dismantling pyruvate, breaking bonds to produce CO2 . . . Convert some bond energy to ATP . . . The H+ ions are moved by CARRIER molecules Pyruvate enters the KREB’s CYCLE Finally, O2molecules are REDUCED by GAINING the LOW ENERGY e- and the H+ ions to form WATER. Overall ATPYIELD is 2 + 2 + 34 = 38 2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria O2 present 2 34 (Matrix) (Cristae)

15. Alcohol Glucose Fermentation Glycolysis Lactic acid Pyruvate O2 H2O H2O NADH ATP ATP Electron Transport Chain Kreb’s Cycle CO2 CO2 FADH ATP The Whole Enchilada(Una vez más) If NO O2 Cytoplasm Mitochondria O2 present (Matrix) (Cristae)

16. THE END 