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Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton: Bones and Functions

Explore the composition and functions of the appendicular skeleton, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper limbs, lower limbs, and their respective bones. Understand how these bones enable movement, protect organs, and facilitate weight-bearing.

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Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton: Bones and Functions

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  1. Week 21 • A&P

  2. MUST DO • Give an example of how the shape of a bone matches its function in the human body

  3. The Appendicular Skeleton • Composed of 126 bones • Limbs (appendages) • Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle • Pelvic girdle

  4. The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6a

  5. The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6b

  6. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Composed of two bones • Clavicle—collarbone • Scapula—shoulder blade • These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

  7. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.21a

  8. Bones of the Upper Limbs • Humerus • Forms the arm • Single bone

  9. Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.22a–b

  10. Bones of the Upper Limbs • The forearm has two bones • Ulna • Medial bone in anatomical position • Radius • Lateral bone in anatomical position

  11. Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.22c

  12. Bones of the Upper Limbs • The hand • Carpals—wrist • Metacarpals—palm • Phalanges—fingers

  13. Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.23

  14. The Appendicular Skeleton a e i d • Acromion • Capitulum • Carpals • Clavicle • Coracoid process • Cornoidfossa • Cornoid process • Deltoid tuberosity • Greater tubercle • Humerus • Lateral epicondyle • Medial epicondyle • Metacarpals • Phalanges • Radial tubersoity • Radius • Scapula • Styloid process (Radius) • r2 Styloid process (Ulna) • s. Trochela • t. Ulna q h j (3) f k l b s g o t (5) p (4) r2 r c m n

  15. 2. Why is the clavicle at risk to fracture when a person falls on their shoulder? It is a slender bone 3. Why is there generally no problem in the arm clearing the widest dimension of the thoracic cage? The clavicle serves as a brace to hold the arm clear of the thorax 4. What are the total number of phalanges in the hand? 14 5. What is the total number of carpals in the wrist? 8

  16. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle • Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones • Composed of three pairs of fused bones • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis

  17. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle • The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis • It protects several organs • Reproductive organs • Urinary bladder • Part of the large intestine

  18. #15 Pelvic Girdle (Hip) Figure 7.27a

  19. The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone Figure 5.24b

  20. Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.24c

  21. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves Table 7.4.2

  22. Pelvic Girdle 6. Compare the pectoral and pelvic girdles for flexibility, security and weight-bearing Pectoral Flexibility is most important, Insecure axial and limb attachment, moderate weight-bearing ability Pelvic Moderate flexibility Secure axial and limb attachments, Massive Weight-bearing ability #7 What organs are protected, at least in part, by the pelvic girdle? Bladder, small intestine and rectum and in females the uterus

  23. Comparison of Male and Female Pelves #8 Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis The true pelvis is the region inferior to the pelvic brim and is encircled by bone. The false pelvis is the area medial to the iliac bones and superior to the pelvic brim Table 7.4.1

  24. #10 The pelvic bones of a four legged animal, such as a cat or pig are much less massive than those of a human being. Why? The quad-pedal pelvis does not carry as much weight as the bi pedal pelvis #11 A person instinctively curls over their abdominal area when in danger. Why? Abdominal organs have the least protection by the skeletal system #12 What does Fallen Arches mean? A weakening of the tendons and ligaments of the foot

  25. #10 Label the parts of the pelvis and determine if the pelvis is male or female This Pelvis is MALE, because the Acetabula are close together the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees the sacrum is narrow and the pelvic inlet is heart shaped

  26. Bones of the Lower Limbs • The thigh has one bone • Femur • The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

  27. Bones of the Lower Limbs Figure 5.25a–b

  28. Bones of the Lower Limbs • The lower leg has two bones • Tibia • Shinbone • Larger and medially oriented • Fibula • Thin and sticklike

  29. Bones of the Lower Limbs Figure 5.25c

  30. Bones of the Lower Limbs • The foot • Tarsals • Two largest tarsals • Calcaneus (heelbone) • Talus • Metatarsals—sole • Phalanges—toes

  31. Bones of the Lower Limb • The foot supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running Figure 5.26

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