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Covalent Bonding Theories

Covalent Bonding Theories . Hybrid Orbitals. a type of atomic orbital that results when two or more atomic orbitals mix . Hybrid orbitals Flash Animation http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf. Molecular orbitals.

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Covalent Bonding Theories

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  1. Covalent Bonding Theories

  2. Hybrid Orbitals • a type of atomic orbital that results when two or more atomic orbitals mix Hybrid orbitals Flash Animation http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf

  3. Molecular orbitals • new overlapping orbitals in covalent bonding that apply to the entire molecule • filled when has two electrons • referred to as bonding orbitals in which there are different types • sigma bonds- bonds overlapping end to end • pi bonds- bonds overlap in a side to side fashion Sigma and Pi Bond Flash Animation http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

  4. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) • explains the three dimensional shape of a molecule • a repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust • the result is that valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible. • unshared pairs repel more than shared pairs

  5. Common VSEPR Shapes

  6. Predicting VSEPR shapes

  7. Polarity • the character of a bond depends on the kind and number of atoms joined together • bonding pairs are pulled (as in a “tug-of-war”)

  8. Nonpolarcovalent bonds • the atoms in the bond pull equally and the bonding electrons are equally shared • Ex. H2, O2, N2, and Cl2

  9. Polar Covalent Bonds • atoms in the bond pull unequally and the bonding electrons are unequally shared • Ex: HCl, H2O

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